Miss Essay

You will also evaluate who the target audience is, and analyse the effectiveness of the advertiser’s use of language, imagery and colours (advertising techniques) in achieving their intentions. Students must also discuss and evidence their understanding of the social, historical and cultural features which they feel are explicit and implicit within the poster. For this task, all students must demonstrate that they are taking an active and contributory role within the discussion and annotation process and that you have met the assessment criteria for this element of the task. Photographs of each group’s annotated ‘War Child’ poster will be taken. (1. 1 – 4. 2) ii. Compare and contrast the two advertisements by holiday companies to inform and persuade their target audience For this part of Task 3, you must compare and contrast the two holiday advertisements for Ibiza and Blackpool. Use the writing frame and assessment task criteria to help you structure your writing. Paragraph 1 – Introduction (1. 2) Introduce the two adverts, what they are for? Are they predominantly trying to persuade or inform? Mention the fact that you are going to compare and contrast them, and will be evaluating who the target audience is, evaluating what style and form the advertiser’s use, analysing the language used in the advertisements, and evaluating the imagery and colours that the advertisers have used. You will also mention that you will be analysing the social, historical and cultural features in the advertisements which are explicit and implicit. You must also comment on how you will be evaluating what all of the above (advertising techniques) has with regard to the overall effectiveness of the advertisements in targeting the audience. |In this media essay, I’m going to compare two adverts – which are adverting on holidays. The first advert is for the ‘IBIZA’ (I will call this advert A) The | |second is for ‘BLACKPOOL’ (I will call this advert B) Although they are both adverting on holiday, the advert holiday is totally on a different ways. This is| |because they are aimed at different group of people. | | | | Paragraph 2 – Target Audience (3. 1) Compare and contrast the two advertisements with regard to the target audience. Here you must evaluate who you think the advertisements are aimed at. You need to give at least two main points of evidence here. You also need to summarise how effective you think the advertisements are with regard to the targeting of the audience. The adver t A is persuading the young people and also giving information to what they are presenting for them during the time spent on their holiday. The | |advert B is also persuading people by giving them a free ticket to come to the Blackpool tower a place for holiday also informing them for is best to receive| |like the Tower complex houses have many attractions in all kind of entertainments that you can think of. | |In this two Adverts A and B I am going to have a closer look on both of them by comparing and contrasting them and evaluates who the target audience is. Both| |adverts are aimed at adults. However, advert A is aiming to the young people whereas advert B is aimed to mature adult’s men and women. The denotation of | |advert A IBIZA the style of the advert is girly colours like bright pink, blue and yellow and the written words are of red, white, yellow and violet colours. | | | | | |Poster A is aiming to the young people whereas poster B is aiming to adult’s men and women. In the advert A IBIZA the uses is girly colours like bright pink,| |blue and yellow and the written words are of red, white, yellow and violet colours. The imagery is about grouping pictures of young boys and girls at the | |beaches, cinema, airport, and car park; and some are travelling on large vehicle and they are of different code of dressing which is mainly for the young | |people and the language uses on it, it is an attraction to draw the attention of the young once that’s planning for their holiday. The both adverts are very | |effective because of different colours uses to design the posters they are of different effects, the form of the languages uses is to call an attraction of | |people and persuade them to come spent the holiday and the words uses are of upper and lower case which explain the thing to expect like going around visit | |the city, to the beaches, clubbing, dancing in the hall while spending their holiday. | | |These adverts are aiming at two different groups of people for the young boys and girls the styles uses and the languages uses know exactly the mind of young| |people of kind of thing they want like the social life style a young person would like to receive to be a history something they should look back on. | Paragraph 3 – Style and Form (3. 2) Here you need to compare and contrast the style and form of the two advertisements. Evaluate the overall style and form of the advertisements (the layout). Things to consider might be the position of the writing and the pictures. Which dominate and why? How does that link to the target audience? What font styles are used? What words are made to stand out? Again, summarise how does this link to how the advertisers are trying to inform or persuade the target audience? You must provide evidence. | | |The advert A which is the IBIZA has more effect on the poster and more colours also more photos of groups of people. The poster is displaying different | |people on different types of dressing. On the poster the written languages were uses upper and lower case some are bold and italics. The word used to stand | |out the advert is IBIZA written in a capital form with a large form of Alphabets. | |The position of the advert characters was at the right which displayed things to do at the beach, nights on the town, what’s are the costs prices, also the | |photos of groups of people was at the right side, they advertise the club beats with upper and lower case. |The advert B BLACK POOL the denotation of advert uses are less in colours and one photo of people dancing in the tower hall, photo of two people sited at the| |beach, the front photo of the tower hall and map show the travel direction which displayed the address and the direction to Blackpool town hall. The | |languages uses were upper and lower case some of the written words are highlighted bold and the position were at the left and the word Blackpool was written | |bold with a red colour and a written note from Deca Maggie to Jacquie were at the middle of the poster. The word used to stand the adverts is Blackpool | |written with a red colour and with large Alphabets. The two adverts A and B are trying to persuade the target audience to come and experience a good holiday. | | | Paragraph 4 – Language and slogans (4. 2) Here you must compare and contrast the language and slogans used in the two advertisements. What do you notice about the language choices? Is it formal or informal? Does it contain any dialect? Are there any slogans? Can you analyse how the language in the advertisements is used in different social contexts? Again, summarise how effective you think the language used in the advertisements is, in targeting the audience. You must provide evidence. |The language uses is to draw the attention of people who’s want or planning for holiday uses persuading word , writing on different form of colours, make | |use of italic, bold, upper case and case to call attraction. The imagery showing the adult’s men and women dancing at the tower all these are form of drawing| |an attention of the people to come and spent their holiday at the Blackpool tower. | |The language used was a clear and understand English languages there were nothing contain dialect and is wasn’t formal or informal. The language was use | |effectively because on the poster you can see that the written word was design attractively on lower and upper case has different attracting colour and the | |languages was targeting the people planning on holiday. Paragraph 5 – Imagery and colours (3. 2) Compare and contrast the imagery and colours used in the advertisements. Here you must evaluate the imagery (pictures and graphics) contained in the two advertisements. Compare the imagery of the two advertisements and comment on the differences. You could discuss how you think the use of imagery and colours is perhaps more effective than the other in targeting the audience. Wh at does the imagery and colours suggest about the two holiday destinations? Evaluate how the colours in the advertisements create a mood? Are they vibrant and exciting, or plain and reassuring? As before, summarise how effective you think the imagery and colours used in the advertisements is in targeting the audience. Give evidence. |The imagery is displaying group pictures of young boys and girls at the beaches, cinema, airport, and car park; travelling on large vehicle also the code of | |dressing which is mostly for the young people and the language uses on it. This advert is to call attraction to draw the attention of the young once that’s | |planning for holiday by persuading them to come and spent holiday. On the other hand, the denotation of advert B is a Tower hall Blackpool the style of the | |adverts uses in the background is blue with yellow and red and dim warm colour and the written words are of red, blue, yellow and black. | |The image and the pictures contained in the two adverts are very different; the IBIZA has more features images of young people than the Blackpool. The colour| |used for both image is more effective because it is attractive poster whose ever see is would like to have a closer look what the advertisement for and these| |adverts is targeting many adults willing to go on holiday. The evidence used to compare to be a poster magazine contrast. | Paragraph 6 – Social, historical and cultural features – explicit and implicit (4. 1) Compare and contrast the social, historical and cultural features which are explicit and implicit in the two advertisements. For instance, in the Blackpool advertisement why do you think the advertisers show a prominent image of a postcard? Is this a social, historical or social feature? You must provide evidence. |The imagery of the social life styles these days are totally different from the time of 1990. This present time we are now has different kind of dressing | |compare to the time of 1990, like the young boys and girls at this present time we are now put on tight clothes like jeans, short sleeve wearing of boots, | |different kind of hair styles but some people still like the old hair style of 1960, but the hair styles this time is different compare to the time of 1990 | |when people use to have afro hair styles and the code of dressing now also different. The code has built in rules or signals indicating the message being | |given by a person’s clothing and how it is worn. This message may include indications of the person’s gender,  income, occupation and  social class, political,| |ethnic and religious affiliation,  attitude  and attitude towards comfort, fashion, traditions, gender expression, marital status, sexual availability and | |sexual orientation, etc. Clothes convey other social messages including the stating or claiming  personal  or  cultural identity, the establishing, maintaining,| |or defying social group  norms, and appreciating comfort and functionality and the technology this time has developed more and experience han the time of | |1990 the both young’s and adults people are now civilise, mature in every areas of their social life styles with now bring effect on cultures and tradition. | Paragraph 7 – Conclusion (1. 1, 1. 2, 2. 1, 2. 2, 3. 1) For your conclusion, you must compare and contrast the two advertisements, evaluating how effective you think the advertising techniques used are with rega rd to the audience the advertisers are targeting. I am going to compare adverts of IBIZA and Blackpool for the conclusion of the advertisement. The IBIZA was very effective because it draw the attention of | |young people to take part of the holiday programme it to make the young people to have interest on what they were adverting that why it was design with so | |many effective colour that can create an attraction. The techniques used to advertise the poster was aiming to the young’s people who are planning for a | |holiday. The Blackpool is aiming to the adults men and women and the techniques used for the advert was targeting the adults people planning on holiday. The | |effect of the advert written was clear and clean easy to read and understand the colour use are so bright and the photograph show on the advert is a sign to | |encourage people whose has not have the chance to dance for a period of time, if you love dancing and meeting new people this is your chance to dance. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Cultural practices Essay

1. ) The article helped me gain a deeper understanding about how varied the effects of a drug can be to different patients. Whenever I see how hospital doctors with incoming patients ask what the details of their patient are, I used to think that mentioning the person’s ethnicity is not very important and I have always wondered why it was mentioned anyway. Now I believe that it is actually very important as the doctor administering specific drugs would have to cross reference them with the patient’s ethnicity in order to make sure that a drug that causes adverse effects for people of the patient’s ethnicity would not be administered and appropriate substitutes can be sought. 2. ) The article through the results that it presented gave me a different way of seeing the human body. Despite obvious outer differences such as skin color, height and build, and so on, I’ve always thought that the inner-workings of the human body are constant with everyone and that our reactions to medicines would be the same regardless of trivial differences. The article made me see that the differences that I once thought as trivial where medicine is concerned are not so trivial at all. There was thorough explanation of how cultural practices over long periods of time can alter respective physiological characteristics of people in such a way as to not only change external features but internal features as well, including reactions to different types of medicine. 3. ) Yes, the article has made me see that cultural and ethnic differences extend beyond superficialities and within the intricacies of humanc. It has changed my perspective in approaching problems concerning the applicability of medicines to humans such that I would now consider ethnicity and cultural practices as some of the factors that can significantly affect medical reactions. I believe that this has broadened my beliefs and made me better equipped in handling situations that I will face later on both in my education and in my career. Reference Does Ethnicity Influence Adverse Reactions to Drugs? Retrieved June 4, 2008 from: http://www. aafp. org/afp/20061015/tips/15. html

After Thousand Years Essays - Anaida, De, Green Leaves, Free Essays

fter thousand years naida want to believe to a memory and love, left man after him and no matter what he did no matter what he does and will do in his future , he just has to do something good for world?s sake, something important to every body who he is surrounded with, let it be a very little thing? here was a man, so he created how to write and read, he taught then children how to do it. Soon they became talented writers; there was a man, he painted pictures and in the museums people were feeling better in their hearts looking at them; there was a man, he planted a seedling, after some years it grew up a big tree and made the air cleaner. here will be a man and he will continue loving, his love will retain through the centuries and after thousand years you?ll see a tree full if green leaves, under it?s shadow will sit a painter drawing a picture on canvas of a writer with a lot of papers on his knees and many other people will be around them walking, smiling from the bottom of their hearts. You can explain a picture and you?ll see that the only name for it - is the one ? ?life is beautiful?.

You choose your favor topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

You choose your favor topic - Essay Example Having said this, Popper (2004) noted a disturbing development whereby most developed markets seem to be excessively choked with competition. In most of these developed markets, there are hardly any untapped market segments that new market positioning can take place. In the light of this, a number of companies have resorted to seeking marketing opportunities in emerging markets. Meanwhile, emerging markets have their own challenges and benefits that make it very important to have very good understanding of the particular market that a company seeks to enter (OSullivan and Sheffrin, 2003). Through the use of country of origin intelligence, it is possible to gather sufficient information about the best marketing entry strategy that will work well for a particular emerging market. It is in the light of this that the literature review is performed to outline ways in which The Royal Bank of Scotland can choose the right internationalisation models to enter Mexico as an emerging markets, based on the country of origin intelligence of that country. Most aspects of the review are however generalised for the themes of internationalisation model, emerging markets, and country of origin audit. The literature review is generally an opportunity to research into what has already been published in literature so as to debate on opposing arguments to find the best conceptua l framework that fits into the current research topic. The concept of emerging markets is one of the fastest developing concepts in international marketing. Oviatt and McDougall (2008) explained an emerging market to be a country or region that has economic activities which are stronger than a least developed country but generally weaker than a developed country. What this means is that the economic outlook of emerging markets comes slightly below that of developed

How Poverty Causes Crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How Poverty Causes Crimes - Essay Example Both theories are of great significance for designing social strategies and policies to combat crime. According to the research conducted by the United States Government Accountability Office (2007), individuals living in poverty face an increased risk of adverse outcomes such as poor health and criminal activity. American healthcare system itself can be a factor that makes people vulnerable to poverty. Among the industrial nations, U.S. is the only country that does not have a universal healthcare policy for its citizens. Although American healthcare service is believed to be the best, the dramatic increase in cost, high drug prices, fraudulent activities, healthcare abuse, and unfair coalitions have left the system extremely fragmented. For the majority of the population hospital bills have become unaffordable. According to Marilyn Elias (2009), for some families, just one added stressor is enough to push them over the edge into violence. Although hospitals are highly equipped with the advanced technology and modern facilities, majority of people do not have the access to adequate healthcare service due the escalating cost of drugs and services. To illustrate, the study proves that "as many as 195,000 people may well be dying in American hospitals each year because of avoidable medical errors, and as many as 1.5 million may well be misdiagnosed" (Coates 61-62). The recent economic recession has made the situation more complex. It has contributed to more frequent violence, more violent abuse, and more deadly abuse when the domestic violence already exists. For instance, there has recently been a 25 percent increase in felony-level domestic violence crimes in Rhode Island, and a three-fold increase in domestic violence related homicides in Massachusetts during the same period (Lauby and Else, 2008). Another argument suggests that crime is being promoted by certain social

Fracking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Fracking - Essay Example Proponents of fracking, on the other hand, believe that fracking promotes the economy and that the regulations on trafficking are enough to meet the concerns over fracking. This research essay will analyze the positive and negative political, social, economic and environmental effects of fracking. US has unlimited exports of gas especially in Ohio, Colorado and Pennsylvania, which have a number of implications to the economy. The gas producing states have experienced benefits associated with fracking that include lease payments, cheap energy, jobs and royalty checks. The gas industry has showed a revolutionary potential through creation of energy markets globally. There is high rise in demand for the natural gas prices in the international markets following the rising demands on the use of natural gas as an alternative form of energy. Fracking has brought more benefits to the concerned states. In Ohio, the state’s economy has benefited from fracking for many areas in the form of include taxation among other associated benefits. Additionally, fracking has increased the availability of jobs; research shows that Ohio counties jobs are found in fracking major industries and such jobs include pipeline constructions and drilling, which contribute to 15.5% total employment op portunities in the country. Pennsylvania and Colorado‘s economies have benefitted from fracking. Part of their economy is attributed to gas drilling, which earns the states a lot of revenues necessary for the development of other economic sectors. Unemployment sector has also benefited from the creation of jobs opportunities. Additionally, shale gas opportunities have increased and today, the state of Ohio, Pennsylvania and Colorado has registered the millions of money resulting from the gas drilled from the lands that the citizens lease. Many Americans have leased their lands to the gas extracting industries which in turn earns them more money

UN Millenium Development GoalsFinal Project Essay

UN Millenium Development GoalsFinal Project - Essay Example Criticism which has accompanied the achievement of millennium development goals has taken note of uneven progress, difficulty in measurements of some goals and lack of proper analysis. Some developed countries had achieved more than what was expected of them while some were behind realizing any of the targets intended to achieve the goals. The key goals and targets were outlined so that every individual could have at least the dignity to his right of freedom and the basic standard of living. Various goals and their corresponding targets outlined below have been found to be the key to economic development in the world. The indicators of how progress has been made show the effort and determination of the United Nations to achieve the goals within their specified timeline (United Nations). Poverty has been a hindrance to economic development. It has brought about the suffering of mankind all over the world. Many people in most developing countries are living in substandard conditions (Snarr and Snarr 25). Eradication of poverty is vital to the development of developing nations, every means has been tried to make sure that the standard for the threshold of poverty which lies at 1.25$ per day has been achieved by most nations. When a large portion of people lives in poor conditions, it becomes difficult for a country to make any huge step in economic development. The provision of jobs to people holds the main key in minimizing the levels of poverty. Through creation of jobs that provide adequate wages, people earn income that enables them to sustain their living. Discrimination of the youth and women in employment spaces provide and increase the levels of poverty in a given country. As a result, the World Bank has come up with various strategies which entail providing z ero-interest loans and development grants to countries. The strategies include provision of capital to

Sarbanes Oxley Act and Independence Responsibility View Research Paper

Sarbanes Oxley Act and Independence Responsibility View - Research Paper Example The scandals not only adversely affected the share price but also the general public lost trust on the securities market. Hence the Sarbanes Oxley Act was formed to increase the accountability of the public company so that in future such type of scandals can be avoided. In this project a detail analysis has been made on the Sarbanes Oxley Act and independence responsibility view. The US GAAP has also been analyzed in the view of the Sarbanes Oxley Act. The US companies prepare the financial statement as per the US GAAP but due to the enactment of this act the public companies has to give some more disclosure apart from GAAP. This project involves a detail analysis of the problems of the Sarbanes Act and the US GAAP. The study also includes how and to what extent the act has impacted to the investor, officers of the company, directors, members and other stakeholders. At the end recommendations have been made on how the problems of this act can be solved and investor’s interest can be protected. Brief Overview of Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Sarbanes Oxley Act was enacted on July 30th, 2002. It increased the sanders to be maintained by all the public companies, its management and accounting firms.... It increased the sanders to be maintained by all the public companies, its management and accounting firms. The name of this law was given after the name of the US senator and US representative Paul S Sarbanes and Michael G Oxley respectively. This act has eleven main elements. They are as follows:- a) Public Company Accounting Oversight Board- This part contains nine sections. These are related to administration, establishment, audit, commission, accounting standards etc. This board also gives guidance on registration of auditors and also specifies the rules and procedures for conducting audit. b) Auditors Independence- This title mainly signifies the standards regarding the independence of the external auditors. It contains nine sections. These sections deals with the criteria for approval and preapproval of auditors, rotation of audit partners, audit reports and everything related to the auditors and their work. c) Corporate responsibility- This part contain eight sections which d eals with the company’s responsibility toward financial reports, forfeiture of profits and bonuses, audit committees of public company etc. As per this title the executives of the company should make sure that the financial reports are accurate and complete. It also signifies the penalties for non compliance of the guidelines. d) Enhanced financial disclosure- This part contains nine sections. This part signifies that the financial statements should also disclose those transactions which are not represented in the balance sheet. It also signifies the ethics to be followed by the financial officers. e) Analyst Conflicts of Interest- This part signifies the measures which should be taken so that the investor can trust the security analyst’s reports. It contains

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS - Assignment Example The average minutes that I use in physical fitness training, every day, is equal to 50.8. The figure is from data collected for duration of 10 days. The list number of minutes spent on physical fitness training is 38 minutes and the highest number of minutes is 60. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. The standard deviation of the above data is 9.33 meaning that, on average, every value of the collected data is far from the mean by 9.33 units. Data falling within the range include 60,60,38,38,58,58,58,41,41,56, meaning that 100 percent of the sample is within the range. For normally distributed data, only 5 percent of the value should fall outside the above range. Therefore, the above data is normally distributed. Additionally, the data does not have any outlets, which reflects the fact that it is normally distributed. A curve for a normally distributed data is bell shaped and symmetric, meaning that the data has an equal spread on both sides of the curve (William, 2003). The data is also continuous on both sides of the bell shape. Comparing normally distributed data and non-normal data, the estimates from normal data are more accurate compared to estimates from data that is not normally distributed (Bryc, 2013). When defining normally distributed data, one must specify two quantities, including the mean ( µ) and the standard deviation (ÏÆ').which reflects the spread of the curve. Different values of the mean and standard deviation yield different normal curves thus different normal distributions. Besides the 95 percent test, 99.7 percent test is also applicable while determining if data is normally distributed. 99.7 percent of all the values should fall within three standard deviations from the mean. In other words, they should fall between  µ-3ÏÆ' and  µ+3ÏÆ' (Berman, 2013). More than 99.7% of the data fall within the range reflecting the fact that the data has a normal distribution. One of it implications

Business Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Policy - Assignment Example KG). Swan Malaysia Sdn Bhd is one of the three production facilities of the Schwan-STABILO Group "that guarantee the best materials and resources, workmanship and experienced staff" (Swan Malaysia Sdn Bhd). It is the goal of this paper to analyze the particular external environment of STABILO Malaysia or the Swan Malaysia Sdn Bhd subsidiary as an aid to better business policy. Effective management and evaluation tools such as the PEST Analysis, The Porter's Five Forces Analysis, the Competitor Analysis and the Market Trend Analysis will all be done in this particular case. The external environment may seem out of company's control as the political, economic, social and technological climate are determined by outside factors, but the responsibility to forecast, adjust and reconcile the company's direction to them is within the company's scope and capability. Political. Malaysia espouses the Parliamentary democracy, with a constitutional monarch, the King of Malaysia as the head of state and the government administration divided among the Executive, Judicial and Legislative branches (Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit, 2010). The countr The country's judiciary in Malaysia is said to be not independent as there seems to be "excessive influence of the executive over the judiciary, especially in politically motivated cases" thus foreigners cannot be guaranteed an impartial trial from the country's judiciary (Alibaba.com, 2008). As to tax rates, the coutnry requires to Value Added Tax (VAT), but there is a sales tax which is normally at 5%, except for cigarette which is taxed 25% and wine and beer which is taxed at 20% (Alibaba.com, 2008). For corporation, capital gains tax range from 0% to 28% (Alibaba.com, 2008). Economic. Malaysia is one of the growing economies in Asia. Although it posted a -2.8% growth rate in 2010 its inflation rate was moderate at 0.4% in the same year (IndexMundi, 2010). Malaysia Ringgit is a relatively strong currency, which is currently exhcanged for 3.26 to 1.00 USD compared to Philippines' 45.9 to 1.00 USD (http://www.xe.com, 2010). Malaysia's competitive ranking surged to 10th compared to 18th a year ago "as the country benefited from strong demand from Asia as well as implementation of efficient policies, especially government policies" (Sidhu, 2010). Investment banker attributes the leap from the government's strong commitment to "reshapre the country's competitive landscape" (Sidhu, 2010). The ranking which was based from four main criteria including economic performance, governmen efficiency, business, efficiency and infrastructure is expected to boost the country's private investment (Sidhu, 2010). Social. The country currently houses 28.96 million individuals, with a projected average growth rate of 1.6% per year, a figure which is lower than the previous years and is primarily attributed Malaysians' decision to delay marriage and pursue higher education and career advancement (Malaxi.com, 2010 cited in Department of statistic and economic planning unit). 63.6% of the population is from 15-64 years old, 31.7% aged

Abnormal Psychology Essay Example for Free

Abnormal Psychology Essay Jeffrey Dahmer was a sex offender and serial killer mainly between the years 1978 and 1991. He is well known for his severely atypical behaviors. Among his outward manners that are recognized as abnormal are paraphilia-specifically necrophilia and sexual sadism. Jeffrey Dahmer’s victims, whom were boys and men, suffered from rape, violence, dismemberment and finally their murders. Dahmer’s slow progression of killings soon turned into an obsession, which would later land him in prison with a sentence for fifteen life terms or a total of 957 years in prison. Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer was born to Joyce and Lionel Dahmer in Wisconsin, and eight years later moved with his family to Ohio. In his younger years, between the ages of ten and fifteen, Jeffrey became more and more antisocial; he was very quiet and socially distant from his family members and had signs of anhedonia (loss of interest in hobbies and interactions with people). Discovered later, this behavior may have been caused by peers at school consistently mocking Jeffrey without him putting up any defense for himself. See more:  The 3 Types of Satire Essay His fetishes and discoveries of unique hobbies began in a biology class in 9th grade where Jeffrey and his classmates dissected a fetal pig. At the end of the class, Jeffrey collected the remains of the pig and returned to the house, deciding to keep its skeleton. Dahmer’s fascination with this initial incident began to grow and carry over to other animals, such as dogs and cats. In an interview with Stone Phillips Dahmer says, â€Å"There may have been some violence involved, some underlying subconscious feelings of violence I just it was a compulsion, it became a compulsion. As this continued throughout his teenage years, Jeffrey Dahmer began to consume alcohol regularly. In the same interview he admits, â€Å"I was drinking a lot during that time and just, I don’t know, looking for some way to find some fulfillment, some pleasure and I acted on my fantasies and that’s where everything went wrong. † Soon, his alcoholism, too, got out of hand and he became an alcoholic while still finishing high school. Jeffrey Dahmer attempted to attend college at Ohio State University, but his lost of interest in attending classes combined with his heavy consumption of alcohol caused him to drop out after only a quarter of a semester. During this time, his parents, Joyce and Lionel got divorced. Jeffrey’s father made him join the Army after dropping out of Ohio State, but after a couple years, his alcohol problem again caused him to be removed. After being discharged from the Army, Dahmer decided against facing his father so he decided to live in Miami, Florida where the majority of his time was spent in a hospital. In 1981 Jeffrey Dahmer was first arrested for public intoxication. In 1982, Jeffrey went back to Wisconsin to live with his grandmother. Late nights, alcohol binges, and belligerent behavior characterized his time living there. His grandmother was tolerant of his peculiar behavior at first, which included several strange incidences: she had found a male mannequin dressed up in Jeffrey’s closet, a . 357 Magnum under his bed, and she could recall many instances where awful smells would waft from the basement. Dahmer once claimed that the terrible smell was from a squirrel that he had caught, killed, and dissolved with chemicals. (Dahmer’s father was chemist, and this claim was made from Jeffery to his father; it seems as though Jeffery told his father so that he would be proud of him). Jeffrey was arrested again in 1982 and in 1986, both times for indecent exposure. The second offense that he was arrested for in 1986 was for masturbation in front of two young males. It was only two years later that Jeffrey’s so-far-tolerant grandmother told him that he could not live with her anymore due to the many strange happenings. Jeffrey was arrested in the same year, 1988, for sexually fondling and drugging a young teenage boy (age thirteen); for this, he was put on probation for five years and for one year he was assigned to a work release camp where he was registered as a sex offender from the incident with the thirteen year old boy. Due to good behavior and a built up trust with the authorities, Dahmer was paroled from his work release camp two months early. Jeffrey Dahmer began killing at age eighteen, which was during the summer of 1978. Since this was after his parent’s divorce, Dahmer’s mother no longer lived at the same house and his father was away for business duties. Jeffrey had brought a man over to the house offering to drink alcohol with him, and when the man tried to leave, Jeffrey beat him to death with a ten-pound weight to the head. Dahmer did not murder again until nine years later where he killed a man randomly after picking him up; Dahmer said he could not recollect anything about this murder. After the second murder, Jeffrey Dahmer’s killings increased dramatically adding two more to the same year (1989), five the following year (1990), and several after that. On July 22, 1991 Jeffrey Dahmer was arrested for the alleged 17 murders (which would later be reduced to 15). Psychological Functioning: Jeffrey Dahmer is a unique human being who struggled with necrophilia, which is having sexual attraction to corpses. Upon arrest, officers found many severed heads, dismembered body parts, an altar made of skeletons, and several corpses. This makes Dahmer seem like a collector in a way, but I think that his collections go beyond what people might consider a just a fetish. Often, those who are diagnosed with necrophilia behave in this was because they strongly desire to have full possession of and control over someone without the person resisting or refraining from being with them. I think this is a lot of what Jeffrey Dahmer dealt with in his life because he confesses it himself in his interview with Stone Phillips saying, â€Å"The only motive that there ever was- was to completely control a person, a person that I found physically attractive and keep them with me as long as possible, even if that meant just keeping a part of them. † Another reason for necrophilia could be a person’s desire for increased self-esteem; being attracted to a corpse was the only way Jeffrey could avoid rejection. As we know that Jeffrey was teased and picked on when he was young and during his teenage years, I think that his murders and necrophilia are related to these difficult times in his life. I think that once he established that he could have control over his victims, he went on a power trip and began to obsess over the supremacy he felt when he was controlling someone. It is reported that during the times that Dahmer was picked on and mocked in school, he never stood up for himself and never fought back. I think this led to an internalization of his feelings. He most likely built up some hostility to those people who tormented him and took advantage of him. Jeffrey Dahmer also began his attraction to males in his teenage years as he reports going to gay bars and bath clubs. The combination of his withheld anger and aggression towards his tormentors and the frustration that came from being attracted to men could have very well led to his outward aggression and finally to his killing spree. When Jeffrey talks about the things that he would do to victims, especially evident in his first crime, his pattern began to develop and it is in direct correlation to these things: he would seek out men (doing whatever it took to draw their attention), he would get them alone one way or another (either by bring them to the house or drugging them), and after having sex with them or taking advantage of them in whatever way he found pleasurable he would kill them. While he found it enjoyable to partake in sexual encounters while them men ere still alive, Jeffrey Dahmer found himself even more attracted to the corpses of those men and he found it fascinating to dismember them and keep just â€Å"a part of them. † I believe that this is where his necrophilia came from. In Jeffrey’s first murder we can see the power struggle where he desired to have sex with the man who wanted to leave. Through his sexual desires, Dahmer channeled his anger that he was being rejected and he lashed out and beat the man to death in the head with a ten-pound dumbbell. This extreme behavior is what leads me to believe that he showed signs of sadism. A sexual sadist finds pleasure in inflicting physical pain on someone and watching him or her suffer. I also can see that maybe Dahmer was frustrated with his sexual desires toward men and he felt his only way to stop this was to destroy the root of the problem; unfortunately, Jeffrey saw the men he was attracted to as his problem and in his desire to eliminate his problem he began killing the men who made him feel this way. In some ways, I am also convinced that Jeffrey Dahmer was competent and could take full responsibility of the killings because of his strategic behavior. His victims and murders were not random. Dahmer was also able to recognize that he was not completely satisfied in his initial encounters with the male species and when those things were no longer enough for him, he started purchasing sleeping pills in order to first drug his victims so that he could then take advantage of them. If Jeffrey Dahmer was not sane and competent than this organized behavior would not be evident in his tendencies. In the interview with Stone Phillips, Dahmer says, â€Å"After the second time, it seemed like the compulsion to do it was too strong and I didn’t even try to stop it after that; but before the second time, things had been building up gradually: going to bookstores, going to the bars- the gay bars, bath clubs; when that wasn’t enough, buying sleeping pills using it on various guys in the bath clubs. It just escaladed slowly but surely and after the second time which was not planned, it was out of control—it felt like it was out of control. The way that he uses his words here implies that he does take responsibility and that he fully knew what he was doing; as he says, â€Å"it was out of control—it felt like it was out of control,† he recognizes that he had the ability to make a choice and he chose to sexually victimize the men he was attracted to and then kill them. I am convinced that all of the things mentioned above lend themselves to his atypical functioning, but one thing that was not addressed was his parent’s role in all of this. Although they were divorced and parted during a time in Jeffrey’s life where he was having difficulties in other areas, I do not think that this was an issue or trigger to any of his behaviors. In an interview Jeffrey actually defends his parents saying that it makes him mad when people accuse them of playing any role in his decisions because they were not even aware of the type of issues Jeffrey was dealing with. From what Dahmer admits, we know that it was a gradual escalation of compulsive feelings that led to his abnormal behaviors. On November 28, 1994 while in prison, Jeffrey was beaten by an inmate and died from head trauma.

For the following speech topics Essay Example for Free

For the following speech topics Essay When I was in high school I had a set of very popular friends. I called them my friends because they were the ones I go with from the time I arrive in school, until recess, until the time we go back home. They are picked up by cars, and I would hitch with them. All the while, their popularity gave me the notion that I am popular too. In return, I made their assignments and finished our group projects all by myself. It took a year before I realized that friendship is not about being with a popular circle. Friendship is so much more. B. (For old people) Like wines, we have been aged into perfection. Today, as we gather, we remember the friendships that we have had and in the same way we can name some which have been perfected by time. These friendships are those which stood challenges; those which remained loyal and truthful despite all else being a failure. In remembering these friendships, we also remember those beautiful friends behind them. Topic: Investment A. (For students) I have always been a businessman. I had my very first investment when I was seven. I badly wanted a yo-yo but my parents would not buy me one. So, I asked my teenage neighbor if he would like to trade one of his yo-yo with my roller skates. It was clumsy, and it sure lost me a lot, and that was my very first experience of investing. B. (For businessmen) Benjamin Franklin said that â€Å"an investment in knowledge pays the best interest†. I agree. However, I would also say that making good investments and making the right choices pays even more—and the interest are in dollars too! Ladies and gentlemen, investing is tricky and it needs some education, but also it needs action. Otherwise, those investments are dreams waiting to be realized. Topic: Recycling A. (Students) In 2001, more than 400,000,000 tons of wastes have been generated by municipalities throughout the country. This is a whopping 26,000,000-ton increase. Out of this, only 32% has been recycled. What happened to the other 68%? How are we managing the non-recyclable wastes? Is the management effective and efficient? These are what we are discussing today. B. (Kids) Did you know that you can make your own toy out of a milk carton? You can also create artworks and masterpieces using egg shells and empty bottles. We might think that these things are already trash, but actually we can still use them to make new things. This is what we call recycling. TOPIC: Credit Card Debt A. (For students) Let’s face it. Owning a credit card is like a shopper’s heaven. You buy something, swipe the card, and go home happy. You got something and your cash is intact—what could be better? But, when the bill comes, credit cards can also prove to be a shopper’s hell. B. (For women) Have you ever wondered why you are always worried? Check your wallets. Studies show that 64% of credit card holders are worried about their debts. Strikingly, women worry more than men. This is something to be worried about. Thus, we came up with some tips to help you with those credit card debts.

Post Operative Care After Gall Stone Removal

Post Operative Care After Gall Stone Removal Bianca Robinson Patients who are undergoing operative procedures are required the delivery of ongoing care to optimize their recovery and prevent complications. This delivery of care will enable early identification of circumstances surrounding surgery that may put patients at risk of harm. Mr Whakanna is a 36 year old Polynesian male who has just returned to the ward after having a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gall bladder using laparoscopic technology in a process also known as keyhole surgery (Graham, 2008, p. 47). The aim of this report is to identify and prioritize the problems associated with in the first four hours of Mr Whakaana’s return. It is important for nurses to have an understanding of gallstone disease and the surgical procedure, to ensure that patients are cared for with empathy but also safely and effectively. This report presents the four highest problems that may occur with Mr Whakaana on return to the ward fro m surgery. ABCD’s, Vital Signs and Pain Although different surgical procedures require specific and specialist nursing care, the principles of post-operative care remain the same. It is essential for a structured assessment of Mr Whakaana to be carried out such as that described by Elliot, Aitken Chaboyer (2007) where Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability and Environment are examined. This is known as a primary assessment, and is used to identify any signs of airway obstruction, respiratory failure, circulatory failure or neurological dysfunction (Graham, 2008). In this scenario, the nurse must pay particular attention to Mr Whakaana’s airway due to the fact that he has been administered 8mg of morphine, and morphine can cause respiratory depression (Tiziani, 2010). Bradypnoea is a respiratory rate less than 12 breathes per minute in an adult at rest, and is the first sign of respiratory depression; Mr Whakaana should be monitored closely to prevent this (Tiziani, 2010). Mr Whakaana’s conscious state sh ould also be monitored especially as he is currently scored as 1 on the Glasgow Coma Scale, the nurse must pay particular attention to this to ensure that Mr Whakaana does not go into shock (Elliot, Aitken Chaboyer, 2007). It is also helpful to include the patency of drainage systems and vascular devices into your primary assessment of Mr Whakaana, and note if any allergies are known (Elliot, Aitken Chaboyer, 2007). Vital signs should be assessed as often as possible (every half hour/hour) during the first four hours of Mr Whakaana’s return to the ward to determine any signs of deterioration. Vital sign measurements include blood pressure, respirations, pulse, temperature and oxygen saturation levels. Changes in Mr Whakaana’s blood pressure can be used to monitor changes in his cardiac output; pulse assessment can determine Mr Whakaana’s heart rate and rhythm, and can estimate the volume of blood being pumped by his heart (Elliot, Aitken Chaboyer, 2007). Core body temperature differences can occur in illnesses and an abnormal reading can be an indication of infection; Mr Whakaana’s temperature is 36.5C at present, which is within normal range (REFERENCE). Pulse oximeters give a non-invasive estimate of the arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation, and measurement should always be above 95% (REFERENCE). The nurse should be aware that Mr Whakaana is currently on 3L per m inute of oxygen via nasal prongs, as this could give a false sense of security when recording/documenting Mr Whakaana’s oxygen saturation (Elliot, Aitken Chaboyer, 2007). Pain and discomfort are also important factors in Mr Whakaana’s postoperative period as good pain control is required for an optimal physical and psychological recovery. Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is common after laparoscopic cholecystectomy because of peritoneal gas insufflation and manipulation of the bowel (Graham, 2008). There are additional risk factors to consider including the use of peri-operative opioids (REFERENCE). Opioids, such as morphine, are a common cause of PONV and so their use, even during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, should be kept to the required minimum. Pain should be measured using an assessment tool that identifies the quantity and quality experienced of Mr Whakaana’s pain. Patients’ self-reporting of their pain is regarded as the gold standard of pain assessment measurement as it provides the most valid measurement of pain (REFERENCE). Self-reporting can be influenced by numerous factors including mood, sleep disturbances and medications and may result in patients not reporting pain accurately (REFERENCE). For example, Mr Whakaana may not report his pain because of the effects of sedation or lethargy and reduced motivation as a consequence of the surgery. Fluid Balance / Output Patients following surgery are vulnerable to fluid and electrolyte imbalance due to many factors, including blood loss, fasting for long periods and exposure during surgery (Walker,2003). Therefore an accurate measurement of Mr Whakaana’s fluid balance is an essential factor in evaluating his condition. This should include strict readings of the output of drains as well as urine and vomit, and the measurement of fluid intake (oral, nasogastric and intravenous). Wound drainage sites and the surgical wound itself should be inspected at regular intervals for excessive blood loss, as this may indicate haemorrhage. Other factors that should be taken into account include diarrhoea, sweating and the use of diuretic therapy. Blood Sugars Diabetes is associated with an increased requirement for surgical procedures and increased postoperative morbidity and mortality (Dagogo-Jack Alberti, 2002). Hyperglycaemia impairs leukocyte function and wound healing (Tiziani, 2010). The management goal for Mr Whakaana is to optimize metabolic control through close monitoring, adequate fluid and caloric repletion, and sensible use of insulin (Dagogo-Jack Alberti, 2002). This assessment is to prevent hyperglycaemia and prevent further complications during Mr Whakaana hospital stay. Infection /Sepsis Conclusion Although postoperative care is a daily occurrence within many areas of practice, it is evident that the theory underpinning nursing actions is often forgotten in daily practice and hence actions may not be prioritised as they should be. It is hoped that this paper has enabled the reader to revisit the principles underpinning postoperative care. Such care must be viewed as a priority, and although there are local policies in place to guide nursing staff, the responsibility for understanding the reasons for actions lies with each individual practitioner. REFERENCES Dagogo-Jack,S., Alberti,K.G. (2002). Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Surgical Patients.Diabetes Spectrum. doi:10.2337/diaspect.15.1.44, Retreived from http://spectrum.diabetesjournals.org/content/15/1/44.full Elliott,D., Aitken,L.M., Chaboyer,W., Australian College of Critical Care Nurses (2007).ACCCNs critical care nursing. Sydney: Mosby Elsevier. Graham, L. (2008). Care of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Nursing Standard,23(7), 41-8; quiz 50. Retrieved from http://0-search.proquest.com.alpha2.latrobe.edu.au/docview/219887551?accountid=12001 Tiziani, A. (2010). Havards nursing guide to drugs. Sydney, New South Wales: Mosby/Elsevier Australia. Walker,J.A. (2003).Care of the postoperative patient | Practice | Nursing Times. RetrievedMarch28, 2014, from http://www.nursingtimes.net/care-of-the-postoperative-patient/200004.article Walker,J.A. (2003).Care of the postoperative patient Part 2 | Practice | Nursing Times. RetrievedMarch28, 2014, from http://www.nursingtimes.net/care-of-the-postoperative-patient/200004.article

Education Summaries :: essays research papers

In an international economy, knowledge - and knowledge of language - is power. Knowing a second language is more valuable than ever. I believe that citizens who speak English and another language will be a great resource for our nation in the coming years. To that end, I am encouraging schools in the United States to adopt the dual language approach, which we also sometimes refer to as "English plus one." This approach challenges young people to meet high academic standards in two languages. To give students and teachers every opportunity to succeed, President Clinton and Vice President Gore have proposed the largest increase ever in the U.S. education budget. We are working to create alternatives and offer intensive help to students who are struggling to pass high-stakes tests. I predict our schools will be open to students and adults for longer hours, providing access to computers for families that cannot afford their own personal computers and classes for adults who are seeking to improve their careers. Public education will be less about a fixed location and a fixed schedule, and much more about learning anytime and anywhere. Technology -- electronic learning --will change every aspect of U.S. education Across the United States, on every level of activity, education policies are subjects of discussion and debate among our citizens. We believe that the nation's education policies must change to reflect the increasing importance of education, the pervasiveness of technology and changes in student enrollment. A glimpse toward the future suggests that charter schools will become more prevalent in the United States. Although they use public funds, charter schools operate with more freedom and flexibility than typical public schools. The Clinton Administration has supported, and continues to support, charter schools and other innovations that give parents more choices in public schools. Established by the Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002, the Institute of Education Sciences is the research arm of the Department of Education.

The Civil Rights Movement Essay -- Black struggle for civil rights in A

This paper will discuss the Black struggle for civil rights in America by examining the civil rights movement's history and reflecting on Blacks' status in contemporary society, will draw upon various related sources to substantiate its argument. The history of Black social change following the Emancipation Proclamation will be provided to show the evolution of the civil rights struggle. Obstacles that impede the movement's chance of success, such as ignorance in both Whites and Blacks, and covert governmental racism will be discussed. The effectiveness of several elements that compose the movement will reveal their progress, and how this has aided the movement as a whole. The paper will conclude that the struggle for equality has produced significant results, but has not achieved its ultimate goal, which is equality between race. This is so because the contemporary White power structure maintains control of society in ways that are less apparent than they were thirty years ago, but retain a similarly powerful grip. To combat racism today, the struggle for civil rights must explore new methods that illuminate racial discrimination and distinction more clearly. Continuing to fight for social justice is the only way equality can one-day become a reality. Historically, Black groups and leaders have advocated many philosophies that hope to achieve equality. This was the case during two very important times in history, Reconstruction and the 1960s. The first articulated philosophies as means to achieve equality; the second implemented these ideas with great success. Immediately following the Civil War, during Reconstruction, much of the White power structure was overtly racist and angry. Booker T. Washington enco... ...d today. Nonviolence is used as a form of patient protest such as boycotting a business that discriminates. Black power is used to create programs that improve the every day situation of Blacks. Both philosophies make the black situation in America better, by continuing the tradition of protest. Indeed, "the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line" (Greenberg, syllabus). Blacks should study the event in history to understand how Blacks have fought against the White dominant power structure. This is the best way to continue the struggle for equality. Abbreviated Bibliography . Barnard, ed. (Virginia Durr), Outside the Magic Circle . Elaine Brown, A Taste of Power . William Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights . Kenneth O?Reilly, Racial Matters . Ida B. Wells, Crusade for Justice . Robert Williams, Negroes with Guns

The Unnecessary Paranoia of Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake Essay

The Unnecessary Paranoia of Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake The novel Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood provides a dystopic vision of the outcome of unregulated pursuit of knowledge and control over nature. It is unlikely that the scenario portrayed in the novel would ever occur beyond fiction. The reason being the United States and many other countries already have regulating agencies and oversight commissions that would prevent scientists such as Crake from ever developing his ideas into reality. Atwood incorporates realistic experimental methods into her novel, which eventually lead to pigs being able to grow human organs, and creating â€Å"pigoons† that appear to be more horrific than Frankenstein himself. Consumers are the ones to decide what is put to use and what is not. There is a fine line between benefiting society and damaging society. This novel illustrates what may happen when that line is crossed a thousand times over; a horrific image. Atwood takes many of today’s scientific ideas with the potential to benefit so ciety and turns them into tomorrow’s nightmare and creates a false paranoia. However, without new scientific advancements or technology, there will be no hopes for those who are in critical health conditions; therefore, we should overlook the arbitrary ethical proclamations of certain groups of people, for genetic technological progression is the only key to the sustenance of the population in terms of being able to be cured from the infestation of nature. The pharmaceutical and biotech industries must be free to develop and research life saving medicines and other advancements that will benefit society. If this cannot be done, progress would never be made. People would still be contracting polio a... ...evailed and the world would continue to exist, unlike the novel. Atwood takes many of today’s potential scientific developments and illustrates the worst possible outcome of what may happen if we continue the unregulated pursuit of knowledge. In reality, the scientific advances of today will yield a higher standard of living for the majority of the world tomorrow. We will continue to push for the best in everything including science, medicine, and technology; we will not allow any single person to make the sole decision to develop an idea. Scientific progression will save many lives; therefore, it should and will always be there for us. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. Oryx and Crake. New York: Anchor Books, 2003. Crow, Michael. â€Å"Harnessing Science to Benefit Society.† 9 Sept. 2004. AG BioTech InfoNet. http://www.biotech-info.net/harnessing_science.html>;.

Planning and Enabling Learning Essay

This rationale focuses on the four areas of ‘Negotiating with Learners’, ‘Inclusive Learning’, ‘Integrating Functional Skills’ and ‘Communication’. During my research I will draw upon a range of sources which include the internet, books, organisation media (leaflets) and lessons learned. Teaching processes should be cooperative between the student and tutor. To this end tutors should plan strategies like initial assessments, agreeing on learning goals and possible actions to be taken by in order to empower learners to achieve these goals. Petty, G (2009, p530) states: â€Å"Each learner is unique and has individual needs. If the needs of our learners are discovered, the chances of success are greatly increased.† thus as a starting point initial assessments should be carried out prior to commencing a programme of education. Different learners have different learning needs and tutors must know their learners well to judge these requirements. This could be undertaken via a range of questions during the enrolment process, forms or/and questionnaires. Information obtained should be kept confidential so learners feel free to disclose as much information about themselves and their learning needs as possible. Agreeing goals and actions should be accomplished between learners and tutors. The effect being the learner will also feel that his/her views and opinions are being heard and taken into consideration. The advantages to the tutor being that the learner understands their responsibility to advance their own education and tasks/objectives/deadlines required to do so. The tutor should monitor the process to make sure learners reach their learning targets along the way and amend goals by agreement setting new actions when objectives are not reached.

We Are Blessed to Have Trees & Plants

This poem is written by Ruskin Bond. In this poem the poet shares the thoughts of his grandmother who was of the opinion that the house that has trees around is blessed. For this purpose the poet planted a tree which is six months old and is growing fast. He believes that in six years time the tree would grow and give shade so that his house will also be blessed. I think the world and its inhabitants are blessed to have trees and plants. Trees are important, valuable and necessary to our very existence. It's not too hard to believe that, without trees we humans would not exist on this beautiful planet. In fact, some claim can be made that our mother's and father's ancestors climbed trees – another debate for another site. Still, trees are essential to life as we know it and are the ground troops on an environmental frontline. Our existing forest and the trees we plant work in tandem to make a better world. Below are the reasons why trees are important for us. Trees Produce Oxygen Let's face it; we could not exist as we do if there were no trees. A mature leafy tree produces as much oxygen in a season as 10 people inhale in a year. What many people don't realize is the forest also acts as a giant filter that cleans the air we breathe. Trees Clean the Soil The term phytoremediation is a fancy word for the absorption of dangerous chemicals and other pollutants that have entered the soil. Trees can either store harmful pollutants or actually change the pollutant into less harmful forms. Trees filter sewage and farm chemicals, reduce the effects of animal wastes, clean roadside spills and clean water runoff into streams. Trees Control Noise Pollution Trees muffle urban noise almost as effectively as stone walls. Trees, planted at strategic points in a neighborhood or around your house, can abate major noises from freeways and airports. Trees Slow Storm Water Runoff Flash flooding can be dramatically reduced by a forest or by planting trees. One Colorado blue spruce, either planted or growing wild, can intercept more than 1000 gallons of water annually when fully grown. Underground water-holding aquifers are recharged with this slowing down of water runoff. Trees Are Carbon Sinks To produce its food, a tree absorbs and locks away carbon dioxide in the wood, roots and leaves. Carbon dioxide is a global warming suspect. A forest is a carbon storage area or a â€Å"sink† that can lock up as much carbon as it produces. This locking-up process â€Å"stores† carbon as wood and not as an available â€Å"greenhouse† gas. Trees Clean the Air Trees help cleanse the air by intercepting airborne particles, reducing heat, and absorbing such pollutants as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Trees remove this air pollution by lowering air temperature, through respiration, and by retaining particulates. Trees Shade and Cool Shade resulting in cooling is what a tree is best known for. Shade from trees reduces the need for air conditioning in summer. In winter, trees break the force of winter winds, lowering heating costs. Studies have shown that parts of cities without cooling shade from trees can literally be â€Å"heat islands† with temperatures as much as 12 degrees Fahrenheit higher than surrounding areas. Trees Act as Windbreaks During windy and cold seasons, trees located on the windward side act as windbreaks. A windbreak can lower home heating bills up to 30% and have a significant effect on reducing snow drifts. A reduction in wind can also reduce the drying effect on soil and vegetation behind the windbreak and help keep precious topsoil in place. Trees Fight Soil Erosion Erosion control has always started with tree and grass planting projects. Tree roots bind the soil and their leaves break the force of wind and rain on soil. Trees fight soil erosion, conserve rainwater and reduce water runoff and sediment deposit after storms.

Sociology and Durkheim Social Disorganization

SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION AND IT’S TYPES: DEFINITION OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION: Social Disorganization theory began around the late 1800s. Social Disorganization refers to organizations and institutions failing in communities or neighborhoods, preventing these areas from overcoming the crime and issues of the day. The social disorganization theory is a key component in the study of criminology. Theories under the umbrella of social disorganization seek to identify and predict trends in criminal or deviant behavior among groups within a social network.The effort is designed to address criminal activity and the variables that might predict undesired behavior within a community. According to Elliott and Merrill: â€Å"Social disorganization are the totality of human personalities and conscious and unconscious attitudes, their crystallized and uncrystallized ideas and institutions which in complex interrelationships make up the framework of human existences. Social organization refe rs to the way people relate themselves to one another. It also refers to the way in which person and groups making up a society are somehow held together.  Read also  Sociology and Social Integration.Social organization and social structure are interchangeable concepts both referring to any interrelated system of role and statuses. † Ogburn and Nimkoff said that: â€Å"When the harmonious relationship between the various parts of culture is disturbed, social disorganization ensues. Social disorganization implies some breakdown in the organization of society. It is a relative phenomenon. Social organization and social disorganization is the dual aspects of the whole functioning of society. The social disorganization theory attributes crime and delinquency to communities where failing communal institutions, such as family, church, local government and schools, are found. According to this theory, communal relationships reinforce positive behavior, a sense of community respo nsibility and concern for the social network within a close area. When these communal relationships are faulty or nonexistent, that social network loses a sense of organization and social responsibility, which can potentially lead to negative or even criminal behavior spreading through that neighborhood.Types of Social Disorganization: Types of social disorganization are as follow: 1. Individual disorganization 2. Family disorganization 3. Community disorganization Social disorganization is the theory that crime and dysfunctional behavior occur in societies for cultural, political and economic reasons. Established communities experience increases in crime when their way of life and the established order of how things are done changes. Generally, social disorganization is caused by lack of personal control, community control and public control.Cultural Social Disorganization: †¢Cultural social disorganization emphasizes that disorganization occurs through the failure of people t o keep up with the times. When housing, means of transport and methods of communication rapidly change in a society, beliefs, attitudes and habits do not change as quickly. Authority figures resist change and find it difficult to integrate the new circumstances into their lives. This lag can result in social disorganization and increased crime rates. Political Social Disorganization: When a country or neighborhood has a large influx of new populations, such as immigrants, or are dealing with social upheavals or wars, political corruption can threaten the stability of a society. Political social disorganization also occurs when a country becomes subordinate to another country. The subordinate country loses its ability to govern itself and develop its own institutions, leading to subsequent loss of societal values, which can result in more crime in the society. Crime rates are less prevalent in stable communities. Economic Social Disorganzation: †¢Social and natural crises can gi ve rise to economic social disorganization.Famines, floods, epidemics and other natural disasters can disrupt social balances. Disparity between desires and the money to attain those goals can also affect the rise of crime. Illegitimate means will be used when legal ways to acquire them are not available. Unfair division of labor and physical deterioration of neighborhoods were also found to result in social disorganization. Some sociologist believe that the introduction of commerce and high levels of industrialization lead to higher crime rates. With the demise of traditional norms of behavior, new forms of behavior — whether productive or not — are likely to increase.INDIVIDUAL: 1. Individual difficulties such as physical, social, mental handicaps which may or may not lead to social disorganization. 2. Certain handicaps as a result of which the individual becomes habituated to some social vice. This ultimately affects his life organization as well as others in the co mmunity bringing social disorganization in the society. 3. Biological and physical factors which without proper control through modern technology creates problem of mass disorganization. 4. Decay in the existing institutions whether educational, religious, recreational, family, etc which ultimately affects the community. . Change in values and conflicts in role due to the rapid spread of technology, industrialization, urbanization and mass communication creating problems of national disorganization. When a number of individuals suffer from a similar type of disorganization, a social problem is in existence. In other word, individual disorganization, social problem, and social disorganization are closely interrelated to each other. Here individual disorganization may arises because of various factors such as biological, environmental, loss of security crisis in life, there can be two possibilities: 1.Individual disorganization may grow independent of social disorganization. For insta nce, if a person has ill health or is unable to meet his social demands it may leads to his physical or nervous breakdown and upset his personal plans and life schemes. 2. Suppose an individual is a leader or occupies a strategic position in society, which is often the case, then any disorganization in him leads to social disorganization if not checked. Each such disorganized such individual affects other individuals and in so doing produces social disorganization.According to Elliott and Merrill all type of personal maladjustment represent in one way or another, the inability of the individual to achieve a satisfactory life organization from the point of view of the social definition of his social patterns. 1. The behavior of the disorganized person deviates from the culturally approved norms. 2. His behavior arouses social disapproval which may vary from mild to marked (and even violence one. ) 3. The disorganized person may respond to social disapproval in two ways, i. e. positiv ely or negatively. Individual and Society: Social disorganization in a simple society:The social change, social disorganization and personal disorganization have their genesis in the variant behavior of the individuals. In simple societies, however deviations in behavior is minimum. Therefore there is a little awareness of their existence by the group. New coordination is made both for the society and for the individual with a minimum of stress and strain. Social disorganization in a complex society: The functioning of three important factors is commonly held responsible for spontaneous variations in behavior. They are – the specialized functioning inherent in complex society.The family as a culture defining agency and cultural participation outside the particular social order. The result is the emergence of a wide variety of various response patterns out of which develops disorganization both in society and individual. Some innovations find ready acceptance because they are related to those aspect of culture which are found outside institutional pattern. Innovations in mores, ideas and beliefs often meet with social disapproval because they vary from the accepted pattern. In simple society people revamp the discordant elements to the degree that their variance is no longer apparent.Innovations which meet with organized resistance tend to result in marked social disorganization. All positive response to social disapproval does not result in attempts to explain the variant behavior in terms of the welfare of the group. Social disorganization is the inevitable result until such time as the new behavior pattern loses group support or becomes incorporated into the social order. When however social disapproval of variations is met negatively by retreat into a world of fantasy there is no corresponding social disorganization except to the extent to which the individual becomes a threat to the safety of society and its members.This point of view does not deny the causative role of social organization in the production of personal disorganization. All social change involves some social disorganization. It is important to think of social disorganization related to those aspects of social change which result in the disturbance and revamping of social institutions and of the patterns of interrelationship between them. In the same way the social responses of the individual are always in flux. But only when changes take place in the individual's pattern of adjustment to social situations which arouse social disapproval that one may speak of personal disorganization.Personal disorganization represents the behavior of the individual which deviates from the social norms. It results in social disapproval which may express itself in a wide variety of degree. The individual may also react in different ways. Social reality presents an endless confusion of social disapproval from time to time. It may be mild or violent. Accordingly individuals respond either positively or negatively to social disapproval. The most visible aspect of personal disorganization in complex societies is that in which there is mild social disapproval to which the individual responds positively.This kind of personal disorganization does not deeply disturb the social order. The second aspect of social disorganization is that in which there is violent social disapproval and yet the individual responds positively. In the third aspect in which the individual's response to social disapproval is subjective the person retreats into an individually defined inner world. His innovations lose their social character. He becomes enmeshed in the development of mechanisms which further isolate him from the normal influences of group life.This type of personal disorganization results in psychosis through which the individual tries to escape from the web of social relations and in suicide. Social disorganization consists of the co-ordination of individual responses as a result of the operation of consensus and control. Personal organization refers to the coordination and integration of the attitude systems within the personality. A change in the cultural context which destroys the functioning of coordination that constitutes the social order represents social disorganization.Similarly any variant behavior which disturbs the integration of the attitude systems within the personality represents personal disorganization. Social disorganization is the inevitable result until such time as the new behavior pattern loses group support or becomes incorporated into the social order. When however social disapproval of variations is met negatively by retreat into a world of fantasy there is no corresponding social disorganization except to the extent to which the individual becomes a threat to the safety of society and its members. This point of view does not deny the causative ole of social organization in the production of personal disorganization. All soci al change involves some social disorganization. It is important to think of social disorganization related to those aspects of social change which result in the disturbance and revamping of social institutions and of the patterns of interrelationship between them. In the same way the social responses of the individual are always in flux. But only when changes take place in the individual's pattern of adjustment to social situations which arouse social disapproval that one may speak of personal disorganization.Depression and Disorganization: There are many medical conditions that can contribute to a disorganized and chaotic life. The most common is depression. A depressed person is usually apathetic, lethargic, disinterested, and this can lead to disorganization. Mental Disorder: Other mental problems such as bipolar disorder, dementia, and schizophrenia are all included under the mental umbrella that can cause a chaotic life. Besides depression and mental disorders, grief and pain c an also lead to mounds of clutter. Emotional Clutter and Disorganization:Another reason why people suffer from disorganization is because their emotional and social lives are cluttered. The psychological feeling of being overwhelmed can lead to a disorganized life. In these cases time management and acknowledging priorities are two possible cures for eliminating disorganization. ADD and Disorganization: Attention deficit disorder plays a huge factor in a person's ability to get organized. People who have problems with organization and planning should be checked for ADD disorder. Organization and planning are two of the biggest challenges for those suffering from attention deficit disorder.Unfortunately, standard organizing practices normally don't work for those with ADD and specialized strategies must be developed so that a person can get their life in order. Misconceptions: Most people attempt to solve disorganization by purchasing products and tools, but the Institute of Living, located in Hartford, Conn. , says this may not work. According to the Institute of Living, disorganization is commonly not a house problem that can be solved with buying bins, organizers, hangers and other household accessories, but rather a personal problem that can only be solved when the individual fundamentally changes his behavior.Causes of Social Disorganization: According to Maclver and Page five main factors such as psychological, biological, physical, technological and culture bring about social change. When the changes brought about these factors in the social structure are so disturbing that the present institution and other means of social control are no longer able to control them by adjusting themselves to the new situations there arise social disorganization. Factors of social disorganization at a particular period are so interrelated that it is difficult to find which factor is predominant.Elliott and Merrill observe that in order to understand the full implications of a study of social disorganization we must keep in mind the complex nature of all social phenomena. Out of man's fruitless search for unique causes has come recognition of the multiple factors which account for such characteristics of modern society as the decline in the acceptance of revealed religion the changing structure of the family, the increasing importance of the central government, and the lowering standards of morality. Others would rely on a reconstructuction of the fundamental economic institutions to bring about the changes.Still another group insists that the basis of all human woe lies in the biological field. Each of these groups however ignore the selective nature of the interpretation while on the other hand any realistic social understanding must consider all the factors related to the particular manifestation of social disorganization which is under investigation. Elliott and Merrill has described the four main causes for the disorganization- †¢The social processes under the three main heads-cultural, political and economic †¢Cultural lag Conflicting attitudes and values †¢Social crises Social disorganization is mainly due to cultural degeneration of values in various spheres such as art, science, philosophy, religion, law and politics. According to Karl Mannheim unplanned capitalism and policy of laissez faire are responsible for social disintegration in the present age which Bertrand Russell observes that â€Å"the lack of adjustment in institutions based on authority in the past is responsible for the present social disorganization. † G.R Medan has listed a few factors responsible for disorganization. †¢Psychological factors:- The cause of social disorganization is to be found in the human psychology itself. Psychological factors contribute to disorganization in two ways:- (a)Failure to maintain proper communication among fellow beings. (b)Failure to modify or change one's attitudes in tune with demands of t ime. †¢Cultural lag:- Cultural lag is the concept used by W. E. Ogburn refers to the imbalance in the rate and speed of change between the material cultural and non-material culture.Objects of material culture such as mode of housing, means of transport and communication, types of dresses, patterns of ornaments, technical and mechanical devices, instruments change very quickly. But ideas, beliefs, attitudes, taste, philosophies, habits, ideologies, institutional structures and such other aspects of non-material culture change slowly and gradually. Hence a gap or a lag arises between the material and non-material culture. This lag referred to as cultural lag invites the process of disorganization to set in. †¢Physical or geographic factors:-The adjustment of man and his culture to certain extraordinary physical or geographic conditions or situations may cause disorganization in society. This is especially true in the case of natural calamities such as storms, cyclones, hurr icanes, famines, floods, epidemics etc which upset the social balance and bring in social disorganization. †¢Biological factors:- Population explosion or extreme scarcity of population the instances of racial intermixture, defective hereditary traits and such other biological factors may also cause disorganizing effects upon society. †¢Ecological factor:-Social disorganization is related to environment in terms of regions and neighborhoods. †¢Social problems leading to social disorganization:- Social problems and forces such as a revolution, social upheaval, a class struggle, a financial or economic crisis, a war between nations, mental illness, and political corruption threaten the welfare of the society. †¢Degeneration of values:- Social values are often regarded as the sustaining forces of society. They contribute to the strength and stability of social order. But due to rapid social change new values come up and some of the old values decline.At the same time people are not in a position to reject the old completely and accept the new altogether. Hence conflict between the old and the new is the inevitable result of which leads to the social disorganization. †¢Disintegration and confusion of roles:- Members of society are expected to perform certain definite roles in accordance with their placements in society. Due to profound social changes these expectations also undergo change. Consequently people are confused with regard to their new roles. †¢Political subservience:- Political subordination of a country will result in social disorganization.The subordinate country is not permitted to develop its economy and institutions independently and is made as a means to serve the interest of the dominant country. †¢Conflict of goals and means:- Conflict of goals and means for achieving them may also cause disorganization. Most of the individuals share the dominant goals of the society and act accordingly. But lacking the means f or achieving the goals by legitimate means some may resort to illegitimate and illegal means resulting in vice, crime and other expression of social disorganization. †¢Decline of social control:-The declining control of religion, morals, customs, traditions and other institutions on the behavior of men has also enhanced the process of disorganization. There is an increase in interpersonal conflicts, crimes, tensions, divorce, delinquency, mental derangement etc. According to Thomas and Znaniecki the very decrease of the influence of existing rule of behavior upon the individual members of the group itself indicates social disorganization. †¢Extreme divisions of labor:- According to Durkheim social disorganization is often brought about by extreme division of labour.In normal course according to him division of labor leads to social solidarity may become disturbed. †¢Disruptive social change:- Society undergoes change mainly due to the operation of physical, biological , technological and cultural factors. Sudden and radical social changes may disrupt the stability and the organization of the society. The result is social disorganization. Prevention/Solution: According to the National Study Group on Chronic Disorganization, a person who finds herself continuously surrounded by mess and should seek help and work with a professional organizer who is knowledgeable about disorganization issues.A person who is able to get organized can experience better mental and physical health. Organization places a person in a more productive environment that is conducive to enhancing his quality of life. Conclusion: Disorganization can cause havoc in a person's life. There are multiple reasons that a person can have a disorganized life. In some cases a disruptive life event is to blame for disorganization. Events like relocation, a new baby, or even a loss can all affect the organization of one's environment. Other times an emotional or mental disorder is contribu ting to the disorganization.Disorganization can also be brought on by something as diminutive as a change in mindset. The studies reviewed above indicate that social disorganization is an important predictor of youth violence and crime, and that social disorganization has its impact on youth violence and crime by affecting a number of mediating processes that facilitate youth violence. The findings also indicate that researchers and practitioners need to consider the linkages between economic deprivation and social disorganization when attempting to explain the genesis of youth violence.In attempting to attenuate youth violence, a number of policy implications are suggested by social disorganization theory. REFERENCES: http://www. sociologyguide. com/social-pathology/personal-disorganization. php http://books. google. com. pk/books? id=MXpiJWE7m5cC=PA32=PA32=INDIVIDUAL+DISORGANIZATION+in+india=bl=mLW-FbCxK5=BGnlIeTBCwenAz4t_NtYJykxu5c=en=X=bQJrUZbYLK6P7Ab874HgAw=0CEMQ6AEwAw#v=onepag e=INDIVIDUAL%20DISORGANIZATION%20in%20india=false FAMILY DISORGANIZATION Many marriages don't live up to high expectations, of people and families, so they break down or are violent.Some believe these are exceptional problems, but feminists believe it's because of male/female inequities. Family is the universal social institution, of all the institutions, it is most multifunctional, inspite of the fact that in some societies many of its previous functions have been partially taken over by other institutions. In many societies, including Pakistani society, the family is still the principal agency for social control and for educational, religious, protective, recreative and other institutional functions.Family: Sampson (1986) indicates that social disorganization may have an effect on youth violence through its effects on family structures and stability. He suggested that traditional social disorganization variables may influence community crime rates when taking into account the effe cts of levels of family disruption. This may occur by (1)removing an important set of control structures over youths’ behaviour, and (2)creating greater opportunities for criminal victimization (i. e. , through the lack of capable guardianship).Essentially, Sampson (1986) recognized the relationship of social disorganization theory to control theory and routine activities/lifestyle theory. To test his assertions, Sampson (1986) used three measures of family structure. First, he included a measure of the per cent of residents in a neighbourhood who were ever married and who were either divorced or separated. The second measure of family structure was the per cent of female-headed families. Finally, he included a measure of the per cent of primary or single-headed households.His analyses revealed that, independent of the traditional social disorganization variables, the family structure variables each had a direct significant effect on community crime rates. Thus, Sampsonâ€⠄¢s work identified an important and additional source of social disorganization (implicit in the work of Shaw and McKay) that had been previously overlooked by empirical studies. McNulty and Bellair (2003) also investigated the importance of family processes within the social disorganization tradition.This study integrates theory and research in criminology and urban sociology to specify a contextual model of differences in adolescent violence between whites and five racial-ethnic groups. The model presented views these differences as a function of variation in community contexts, family socioeconomic well-being, and the social capital available to adolescents and families. Data from the National Education Longitudinal Survey (1988 to 1992), which included information on 14,358 adolescents across 2,988 US locales, were matched with community-level data from the 1990 US census to test the resulting model.The white-black disparity in adolescents’ fighting is explained by highe r levels of disadvantage in the communities in which black children often live. The disadvantage index accounted for the largest reduction in the black effect on fighting, reflecting the well-documented concentration of disadvantage in black communities. Importantly, and in agreement with the importance of family processes for social disorganization theory, the results indicate that the effect of concentrated disadvantage on fighting is mediated by more proximate processes that are linked to family well-being.Tolan, Gorman-Smith and Henry (2003) employ data from a longitudinal study of 284 African-American and Latino adolescent boys and their caregivers, living in poor urban communities, to test a developmental-ecological model of violence. Six annual waves of data were applied to evaluate the relations between microsystem influences of parenting and peer deviance, macrosystem influences of community structural characteristics and neighbourhood social organization, and individual in volvement in violence. Structural equation modelling analyses showed that community structural characteristics significantly predicted neighbourhood social processes.Importantly, it was found that parenting practices partially mediated the relation between neighbourhood social processes and gang membership. Consistent with the above research that social disorganization may influence the level of youth violence through its effect on family processes, other researchers have found that family processes may be used to mitigate the deleterious effects of social disorganization. Burfeind (1984), for example, examined the role of the family, within a larger social context, as it relates to delinquency.This study focused on 1,588 non-black junior and senior high school students in the US. Burfeind analyzed the interactive effects of five family dimensions in relation to four other causal variables commonly associated with delinquency involvement: community social disorganization, delinquent friends, attachment to peers, and delinquent definitions. Analysis revealed that family factors influenced delinquency in different ways. The level of an adolescent’s attachment to the father was found to be independently related to delinquent activity after controlling for all other effects (independent and interactive).Paternal discipline had an interactive effect on delinquency, such that the type of paternal discipline influenced the effect that community social disorganization and the number of delinquent friends had on delinquency. Sampson (1992) has attempted to consolidate the empirical findings that relate social disorganization to family processes and then to delinquency and youth violence. In so doing, he has developed a community-level theory of social disorganization, which places primary emphasis on family management practices and child health and development.He notes that the embeddedness of families and children in a community context is a central feature of the theory. Prenatal care, child abuse prevention, monitoring and supervision of youth, and other family management practices are intertwined with community networks of social organization. Social disorganization directly and indirectly influences the care of children and other family processes, and ultimately, rates of delinquency and crime FAMILY DISORGANISATION This describes breakdown, due to functional failure and role failure. Causes and effects of disorganization include: Death, disability or serious illness. †¢Births outside marriage. †¢Divorce, separation, desertion of living in an empty-shell marriage (partners live together but really all over). †¢Conflict, including abuse/neglect. †¢Disruption caused from outside by unemployment, war, imprisonment or persecution. CAUSES OF AN INCREASING DIVORCE RATE †¢Big increase since sixties. One in three in divorce. reasons include: CONSEQUENCES OF AN INCREASING DIVORCE RATE †¢More one parent families, c ohabiting, remarriage, step-parents, and reconstituted families, where both married before and both bring children to the new union. Increased welfare dependence. †¢Disadvantaged children, a subject of debate. †¢Decline in the importance of family IS THE FAMILY IN DECLINE? Arguments predicting decline: †¢It failed, oppressive (Leach), encourages violence (Dobash and Dobash), exploits women (Bernard). Supporters of the nuclear family condemn decline of family values (e. g. Marslands attack on single mothers). †¢Arguments against decline (by functionalist supporters of the family). †¢Divorce is because of higher expectations, so people think more of marriage as an institution. Divorce is the failure of individual marriages, not families in general. †¢Remarriage suggests discontent with a person, not an institution. †¢Serial monogamy (multiple marriages over a lifetime) and reconstituted family are change in structure, not decline in the family itself . †¢Other Views †¢ Marxist: Family changes as capitalism develops but continues to reproduce inequality. Feminist: Family changes but continues to exploit women. You need to be able to tell the difference between family and household, reality and ideal, etnhic and other forms of diversity. DEFINING FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS No agreed definition. Common characteristics are: oliving together oeconomic cooperation oreproduction osocialization of children. †¢A household is a group who live together or share aspects of life eg. eating together. †¢Nuclear families, are parents and immature children. Murdock argues this this is universal. †¢Extended families, add kin. †¢Ideal family, approved model by society. Other types might be frowned upon. Feminists say ideal family been promoted to exploit women. †¢Attitudes and language change. Lone parent families used to be (disapprovingly) unmarried mothers and children.DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD â₠¬ ¢Includes many one person, childless couples, unmarried with or without children, remarried sometimes with third outside person. †¢Many live in more than one nuclear family throughout life. Most live in variety of family and household arrangements during their lifetimes. IDEOLOGY OF THE FAMILY Ideology is a set of beliefs that forward a particular group, or their interests. Marxists and feminists referred to the ideology of the family. Increasing the pressure to have a happy family. ETHNIC DIVERSITYStudies often by outsiders confirming stereotypes. They do vary according to class, religion and individual factors though. Why are there distinctive patterns of family life? Economic influences – History of slavery may have encouraged female-led afro-Caribbean family. Unemployment may have encouraged persisting extended families. Cultural differences – more likely to persist if a group maintains a distinct language and religion. Discrimination and disadvantage â€⠀œ Racism encourages keeping distinct culture. Westwood and Bhachu (1988), say family is a main strength and resistance.