Essay on Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas Frederick Douglas, a slave born in Tuckahoe Maryland, was half white and half black. His mother was a black woman and his father a white man. Though he never knew his father, there was word that it was his master. Douglas wrote this narrative and I felt that it was very compelling. It really showed me the trials and tribulations that a black man went through during times of slavery. In his early years, Douglas lived on a farm where he watched many slaves receive harsh beatings and whippings. For example, one of his masters whipped his Aunt Hester because she was not there when he desired her presence. At the time she was in the company of another man, which was something that Colonel†¦show more content†¦Hopkins, and Mr. Austin Gore were all cruel overseers. An exception to this was Mr. Hopkins, who was not a typical overseer. Unlike the others, he did not curse a lot, and bent the rules every now and then. â€Å"He was called by the slaves a good overseer† (p. 7). The typical overseer would have beat a slave the second he stepped out of line. For example, Mr. Gore, who took Mr. Hopkins place was very cruel and would not take any sort of talking back. He would not communicate with any of the slaves except for giving orders and beating them. â€Å"He was, in a word, a man of the most inflexible firmness and stone-like coolness† (p. 13). There were also those white people who encouraged black people to escape, and them catch them to receive rewards. Slaves could not catch any breaks. On the other hand, there were some good whites. Douglas wanted to learn how to read, so he made friends with some little white boys on the street. Douglas spoke of running errands, and stopping in with the white children to learn to read in his spare time. As a symbol of his gratitude, Douglas would give the children bread to eat. They, in fact, had a discussion about slavery at one point. He told the children, â€Å"You’ll be free as soon as you’re twenty-one, but I’m a slave for life! Have I not as good a right to be free as you have?† (p. 22). He recalled that this troubled them, but they still showed much sympathy towards him. The presence of sympathetic white people gave himShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas757 Words   |  4 PagesAn Analysis of the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas In the autobiography Frederick Douglass presents a clear picture to me of a horrifying period of American history that far too few people understand. Douglass’s personal narrative as a slave lets you feel the fear of his past and allows us to experience the suffering and pain inflicted by underserved beatings and an unhealthy lifestyle with too much physical exertion. Douglass expresses very personal feelings about his history andRead MoreFrederick Douglass s Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglas1674 Words   |  7 Pagespopular in the southern states, among these slaves, one slave in particular impacted the 19th century was Frederick Douglass. Although he was a slave for most of his life, Douglass eventually became a freeman, a social reform, writer, and an abolitionist for slavery. However, before he became a freeman, Douglass experienced a brutal life as a slave. He faced dehumanization in his early life, but accomplished what most slaves we not allowed to do; which is getting educated, by self-educating himselfRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglas, An American Slave1280 Words   |  6 Pagesventure as far as saying that America never owned ANY slaves. However, historical evidence proves them wrong. Frederick Douglas was a slave during the 1800’s who ultimately escaped and became an Abolitionist and activist for equality for all people, no matter their race or gender. In his autobiography, Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglas, an American Slave, Douglas describes his life as a slave and the horrific acts he endured. America, a Concise History, by James Henretta, devotes a whole chapterRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglas An American Slave1450 Words   |  6 PagesThe book Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglas an American slave, is showing a highway map, displaying the road to how the slavery went to freedom. Douglas at the opening of the book was a slave in both his body and mind. Then at the end good things happened to him, he gets legal freedom and frees his mind. The events in the book are good points in Frederick’s life, in the book it explains how he get there, and what he had to do and learn along the road. Where it first starts is Douglas realizesRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglas s Narrative Of The Life Of A Slave Girl1378 Words   |  6 PagesDouglass’s narratives as they depict the human relationships between races through their description of the dehumanizing body of slavery. In the novel, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas, set from early to middle 1800s in southern states, Frederick Douglas highlights the brutal aspects of slavery as he transitions into adulthood and seeks to obtain freedom, something that serves as a source of inspiration for former slaves. Similarly in the slave narrative, Incidents in the Life of a SlaveRead More The Use of Chiasmus to Highlight the Irony of Slavery in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe Use of Chiasmus to Highlight the Irony of Slavery in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass According to Barton and Hudsons Contemporary Guide to Literary Terms, a chiasmus is a rhetorical scheme that is particularly effective in creating irony through the reversal of accepted truths or familiar ideas (189). Frederick Douglass uses the chiasmus throughout his Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave to highlight the irony of slaverys existence in a countryRead MoreAn Autobiography of What He Went Through as a Slave in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas1073 Words   |  5 PagesThe Narrative Perspective of Frederick Douglass The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass is an autobiography written by Frederick Douglass himself. No one knows the hardships and difficult times that Frederick Douglass went through as a slave, better than himself. That is why Frederick Douglass is considered to be, in my opinion, is the most reliable author when it comes to telling the story of his life as a slave. Frederick Douglass was born in Talbot County, Maryland around the year 1817Read MoreA Slave’S Awakening . . . Yifan Lin. . . . History 1301.1085 Words   |  5 Pages History 1301 Nicholas Cox May 4th ,2017 Fredrick Douglas, a black slave, wrote the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas, an American Slave. The autobiography not only reveals the cruel nature of slavery but also discusses the issue of how slavery was maintained for such long time. Douglas enlightened us about the idea of that: knowledge is power, knowledge changes fate, and â€Å"it is the only access to freedom†. Frederick Douglas from (1817-1895), was one of the most prominent black leadersRead MoreJacobs Douglass: An Insight Into The Experience of The American Slave1019 Words   |  5 PagesThe slave narratives of the ante-bellum time period have come across numerous types of themes. Much of the work concentrates on the underlining ideas beneath the stories. In the narratives, fugitives and ex-slaves appealed to the humanity they shared with their readers during these times, men being lynched and marked all over and women being the subject of grueling rapes. The slave narrative of Frederick Douglas and Harriet Jacobs: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl themes come from the existenceRead MoreThe View from the Bottom Rail Essay703 Words   |  3 Pages The View from the Bottom Rail   In today’s society, racism and stereotyping occur in every aspect of life. No one should ever take anything for face value before they examine it first.  In reading the narrative, â€Å"The View from the Bottom Rail† by James Davidson and Mark Lytle and â€Å"Frederick Douglasss Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas† by Harold Bloom. I became very aware on how American history can be looked at as one sided or bias. Even in today’s society, there

The Life of Nicholas Tesla - 986 Words

Nikola Tesla (Nicholas Tesla) was not only an inventor; he was an engineer, physicist, visionary, and most known for, brilliant. Tesla was born July 10th 1856, in Smilijan, Austrian Empire, which is now modern day Croatia and moved to the United States in 1884 to continue his career in engineering. Tesla’s parents were both Serbian, his father was an Orthodox priest, writer and poet, while his mother was a creative and had the talent to construct things, especially her electronic every day household items. His father wanted him to become a priest but Tesla followed the mind set and footsteps of his mother and went above and beyond with his skills and knowledge. Like normal high school students, Tesla studied mathematics and physics at the University of Prague. What made Tesla stand out from other students was his incredible mind and memory. He supposedly had an eidetic memory (photographic memory), where he would have the ability to recall problems and text with ease, like reading a book and replaying a scene through the mind. Not only was his memory extraordinary, he contained the ability to perform calculus integration in his head, as well as learning eight different languages. Tesla’s brain contained abilities out of this world that modern day technology cannot replicate. The ideas and creations visualized in his head, stayed in his head; he formed its mechanics and mathematical specifications without the use of a pencil and paper. One of the creations pulled off byShow MoreRelatedInventions of Nikola Tesla Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Edison. However, the real mind behind modern electricity was Nikola Tesla. Nikola Tesla is most commonly known as the inventor of the AC current, or the electricity that is found when you plug something into a wall socket. Undoubtedly, he was a revolutionary thinker during the 1870s. He opposed the old and imagined the new, battling with Edison in â€Å"The Current Wars† and filing for hundreds of patents. Nikola Tesla was a man of many inventions inventing a practical use for AC current, imaginingRead MoreDevelopment Of Vehicles And Its Impact On The Human Civilization1647 Words   |  7 Pageswas damaged when it was experimented on the way. In 1801, the British engineer Richard. Trevor s invented a steam engine which is able to take eight people and the speed is 9.6 kilometres per hour.Unfortunately, it was damaged by boiler burning. Nicholas Otto (1832-1891) successfully trial-produced the first practical piston four-stroke internal combustion engines, this is a single cylinder horizontal gas engine with the power of 2.9 kW. In 1885, the father of world car Karl Benz built the firstRead MoreThe Automotive Industry Is Electric Vehicles ( Evs ) Essay2154 W ords   |  9 Pagesaverage, more than 10,000 dollars over a five-year period, when compared to gas vehicles. Reduced operating costs come from home charging, or lower energy costs, reduced maintenance expenses, and an increase in operating efficiency (Chu, 2015). Industry Life Cycle As with all industries, the automotive industry goes through different stages of growth. The different stages are dependent on demand, technology, and knowledge diffusion (Harrison St. John, 2014). In 2014, EV sales had increased to almostRead MoreTesla Motors9501 Words   |  39 PagesSt. John’s University Graduate Student Managed Investment Fund Presents: Tesla Motors, Inc.: TSLA Analysts: Rutvig Bhatt (rutvig@gmail.com) Yanchen Liu (yanchen.liu12@stjohns.edu) Gaoting Liu (liugaoting@gmail.com) Kevin Shanker (kevin.shanker05@stjohns.edu) Share Data: Fundamentals: Price 5/7/14: $201.35 GAAP EPS (FY Dec’13): -0.62 Market Cap: $24.80B E[EPS2015]: 1.83 52 Week Range: $63.69 – $265.00 Beta: 1.10 1 Contents 1. Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Read MoreAnalysis Of Michael Porter s Value Migration, And W. Chan Kim And Renee Mauborgne s Blue Ocean Strategy1813 Words   |  8 Pages Unit 1- Individual Project Nicholas Dunlap Colorado Technical University There are a number of well know strategic planning models. Of these, I will explain in some detail three. Michael Porter’s Five Forces, Adrian Slywotzky’s Value Migration, and W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne’s Blue Ocean Strategy. The first, Michael Porter’s Five Forces, is based on Harvard Business School’s professor Michael Porter’s research, originally developed in 1979, which states that businessRead MoreElectrical Engineering1945 Words   |  8 Pages Through the success of the telephone, Bell Telephone Company was established. In 1878, the light bulb was finally invented by Thomas Edison who lived from 1847 to 1931 (749). Off the principles of Faraday#8217;s electric motor from 1821, Nicholas Tesla invented a more efficient and powerful electric motor in 1888 (749). To make these inventions be more significant, effort was expended to make better motors and transformers and to enhance the power needed to make them function. Through these

Labour Markets, Wages and Industrial Relations Free Essays

Telecommuting is going to change the landscape of labour for years to come. As a matter of fact, the very notion of a job is going to change. A job will be something one takes home to do in the intervals between football matches and household duties, not an activity that reshapes one’s day. We will write a custom essay sample on Labour Markets, Wages and Industrial Relations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such changes will trigger changes in other aspects of work. Thus, trade union participation and union power will most probably be reduced. A great part of this influence is based in personal interaction. It is much easier to recruit a person to become a member of the union through direct personal contact than through means such as e-mail. Trade union leaders will turn into virtual figures rather than living beings in flesh and blood, and people will feel less affiliated with the union. Besides, as the authors point out, there are reasons to expect an inflow of workers into labour who have never or seldom had employment before, including single mothers or disabled people. Those may feel isolated from the rest of the workforce and have had no experience with unions. As a result, they will be less willing to participate in union activities and bargain with their employer. Besides, more developing nations will be included in the workforce, and it is more difficult to recruit people there in the union as they live in remote places and as well have little experience with unions. However, trade unions will not go away because of telecommuting. There are factors that even call for an increase in their power. For instance, it will become easier to change jobs since it will not involve looking for a job in exactly the same area and workers will probably not have to go to interviews in person. Rather, they may be able to do some kind of audio- or video-interview via Internet. As a result, employees will have more possibility to defend their rights through trade unions as they will not fear loss of job. Communication with trade union leaders will take place through the same interactive means as communication with supervisors – e-mail, telephone, and videoconferencing. Telecommuting will probably to some extent remove the difference between house prices between capital cities and regions. At the moment, housing is pricey in larger cities since there a lot of people willing to move there because higher salary levels. Those people coming from the regions are prepared to pay a premium on house price as compared to the regions because they know the house price will be offset by gains in wages. As a result, they drive demand up even at higher prices. If differences salary levels are reduced, a probable result of telecommuting, more people will prefer to stay in the regions, and housing there will rise in value against capital cities. This does not mean that housing will cost the same throughout the nation. First, not all jobs will be affected by telecommuting. It will take time before the pay for manual jobs such labourers, nurses, etc., will get to about the same level throughout the country. People in those jobs will then still be attracted to larger cities. Second, there are other factors than salary levels that affect housing prices. For instance, in the same city where one can get the same salary living in a nice or unattractive neighbourhood, housing prices will vary from one district to another. The reason for these variations is the difference in infrastructure, ecological atmosphere (as, for example, when the house faces a busy road or something of the kind), and opportunities for entertainment. Surely in larger cities one can have a much more interesting and varied life thanks to the availability of many cultural establishments, and regions will not soon overcome this difference. That is why people may still be attracted to living in the capital even if wages arrive at about the same level. Besides, formerly the attraction of the remote areas was their cheap prices for everything other than housing, such as food, entertainment, services, etc. A rise in wages will probably change that, making prices go up. In conclusion, housing prices will go up in regions as compared to the province as a result of dwindling difference in wages. However, prices in capital or larger cities will still remain higher. Bibliography Sloman, John Mark Sutcliffe. Economics for Business. Â   How to cite Labour Markets, Wages and Industrial Relations, Essay examples

The History Of Myths Essay Research Paper free essay sample

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Vietnam War Veterans Deserve More Respect Essays -

Vietnam War Veterans Deserve More Respect After thinking about all the things we would learn this year in American history I decided to do my project on the experiences of Vietnam War veterans. There is a lot of controversy as to whether or not the Vietnam War veterans are given enough recognition for what they went through. I have heard horrible stories of US soldiers dying from US bombs, shell shock, and soldiers returning to America and not being able to function as active members of society due to the horrors of the war. All I really know about the war is what I have seen on television. I wanted to learn about the war through the firsthand accounts of those who were there. The Vietnam War was a military struggle fought in Vietnam from 1959 to 1975. It began as an attempt by Communist guerrillas (or Vietcong) in the South, backed by Communist North Vietnam, to overthrow the government of South Vietnam. The struggle grew into a war between South Vietnam and North Vietnam and ultimately into an international conflict. The United States and some 40 other countries supported South Vietnam by supplying troops and munitions, and the USSR and the People's Republic of China furnished munitions to North Vietnam and the Vietcong. On both sides, however, the burden of the war fell mainly on the civilians.1 On January 27, in Paris, delegations representing the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Provisional Revolutionary Communist Government of South Vietnam signed an Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam. The cease-fire officially went into effect on January 28. Both the US and North Vietnam asserted that there were no secret peace terms.2 All the US fighting forces had withdrawn from Vietnam by March 1973, but not without major losses on both sides. Two million Vietnamese were killed and 3 million were wounded. The extensive use of napalm and defoliants (such as Agent Orange) left many people badly burned, and destroyed the ecology of a country that was mainly agricultural. This is an important part of US history because it was the first war in which there was no clear winner. 57,685 US soldiers were killed, and triple that amount were wounded. Even those who returned to the United states without physical damage suffered from depression, and had to live with memories of the carnage and destruction that they saw. What bothers me about the war is that even though these men risked their lives to fight a war that had nothing to do with them only because their country was anti-Communist, they have been seemingly forgotten by their country. Many, especially those who suffered physical trauma, have no jobs and are forced to beg for food on street corners and live under bridges. The first book I read was Bouncing Back. It was a collection of the experiences of a group of Air Force pilots who were gunned down and taken as prisoners of war. The post-POW lives of the Air Force pilots I read about contrasted greatly with those of the Marines I read about in The War In I Corps. The Marines lived dirty lived in the Jungles of Vietnam. One of the best things about The War In I Corps was its great descriptions of the things the Marines had to go through. As Richard A. Guidry put it : In a driving rain, laden with heavy packs, our platoon lumbered toward its place in the long line of men sprawled in the thick sticky mud.... The rain added a slimy quality to the crust of dirt and fungus that encased my body. Running my fingers across my arm was like following the tracks of a snail.3 It really gave me a feel for what they were going through. It made me wonder how they didnt just not fight. The war wasnt theirs, but due to bad luck they were stuck in this horrible jungle forced to fight an enemy they had no reason to hate. Living like animals with practically no food and little or no contact with Their families. Under the same conditions I think I would sit under a tree and wait it out. While finishing the book, I remembered a discussion we had in class about whether or not the soldiers were considered as individuals. Guidry explained how military thought of them: To them we were just parts of the machine, no different from cannons or jeeps. We were superfluous; they were there to fill their clipboards. Apparently, nobody wanted to stop the

A Farewell To Arms Essays (406 words) - Literature, Fiction

A Farewell To Arms Essays (406 words) - Literature, Fiction A Farewell To Arms A Farewell to Arms The book A Farewell to Arms, written by Ernest Hemingway is about the love story of a nurse and a war ridden soldier. The story starts as Frederick Henry is serving in the Italian Army. He meets his future love in the hospital that he gets put in for various reasons. I thought that A Farewell to Arms was a good book because of the symbolism, the plot, and the constant moving of the main character. The symbolism in A Farewell to Arms is very much apparent. To the main character in novels, nights have always been a sign of death, or something negative to happen. Another one of the symbolisms in A Farewell to Arms is when Henry tries to escape from the Italian army by jumping off one of the ships the army was traveling on and running away from the army. This water symbolized new, clean life that he was going to live from now on. At this time, Henry goes off and finds his wife to be. The plot in A Farewell to Arms was always active. They were never staying in one place too long. It had a very good story line, which was a love story that ended up in a tragedy. The main characters wife got pregnant and she was off to have her baby when problems started occurring. They had to have a cesarean, and the baby dies, and when the mother of the child starts to hemorrhage Henry knows that it was over for his wife and he was right. From the beginning of the book untill the end, the action was up. Ever since the front page Henry was traveling around to different towns so it was not boring for the reader. That made it very interesting for the reader because it was always a new town coming up so you were being introduced in the new characters quite often. As the story goes on , the writer is not introducing as many new people, but they are still traveling around quite a bit. I felt that the authors planning of these types of events in this novel was put together very well! Ernest Hemingway is one of the worlds best known classic writers. He uses very strong symbolism that you the reader dont always pick up. I am sure that I missed some of the symbolism that went on in the book. I picked up a few though and they were very interesting. I recommend this book to anyone who is interested in a love story without a happy ending.

Stock Valuation at Ragan Engines Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stock Valuation at Ragan Engines - Case Study Example This difference in P/E is not justified given that Ragan has superior earnings and dividends compared to that of the industry i.e. EPS of $ 5.35 vs. $ 1.47 and DPS of $ 2.13 vs. $ 0.47 respectively. Relative valuation of Ragan puts the company’s stock price at $ 65.64 which offers a significant upside from the intrinsic price of $ 38.55. One of the measures that Carrington and Genevieve can employ to increase the price of their shares before selling them to East Coast Yachts is to retain more earnings and invest in the research and development of additional proprietary technology. Investing in appropriate and improved technology will have the effect of reducing production costs for the organization, therefore giving Ragan the opportunity to produce fuel saving engines. Such investment in technology will enable Ragan to increase their profit projections, therefore increasing the value of shares. In addition to that, retaining earnings for investment in more proprietary technology will give Ragan an edge over its competitors. This edge will make investors in the company to develop optimism, therefore ensuring that the prices of the shares maintain a high value. These strategies, however, will not increase the value of their shares when Ragan fails to record improvements after investing in technology. Since there will be no new technology to give the company the competitive edge, the value of the shares will not increase. One issue is that the stock prices of Ragan have been undervalued because it is not listed in the securities exchange market. Ragan has a P/E of 7.21x, while the Industry has a P/E of 12.27x. Ragan posts higher earnings and value per share than the rest of the industry. Upon valuation, Ragan’s stock price is $65.64, compared to the figure provided of $38.85. A solution to this issue lays in the reevaluation the value of Ragan’s stocks in order to provide the true value of the shares. In the short run,

Global Performance Management of IHRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Performance Management of IHRM - Essay Example The paper’s primary objective is to explore performance management and all its challenges (Adler, 56, Aswathappa & Dash, 178). The present study primary aim is to increase understanding on the performance management practices of the existing expatriates. The study looks at the understanding of related contextual factors and the efficiency (Black, Mendenhall, and Oddou, 197). Descriptive findings earlier studies pictures and also expound on several new ideas For example; team goals. The fundamental practices of performance management influencing the effectiveness of the system were perceived (Cohen, 157). The key outcome is set performance goals of expatriate performance management. The formal performance evaluation leads to an increased process efficiency (Devellis, 187, Beck, 58). The results further show the international level of a company, hierarchical position of the expatriate as well as the business’s size. The expatriate task type and the organisational structure influence practices of performance management (Kraemer, and Thiemann, 197). Human Resource Management (HRM) is a business practice and academic theory that addresses the practical and theoretical techniques of workforce management. HRM is universal as per its processes, policies and strategies. HRM has replaced personnel management gradually (Kyi, 328, Stolt, 197). Developing and managing human resource in a global setting is increasingly referred to as a central challenge. The prevailing company tendency towards internationalisation, inter-company merging and global operation has gradually increased the necessity of expatriation. Expatriation is aimed to fill the skills gap, technology transfer and new endeavour launching. Expatriation has been increasing steadily worldwide, and the trend continuation is very likely (Windham International and NFTC, 187. Krausert, 379). Efficient and good management

Medicine. Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medicine. Chemistry - Essay Example The hits come from natural sources, such as plants, animals, or fungi. They can also form synthetic sources, such as historical compound collections and combinatorial chemistry. Combinatorial chemistry involves the rapid synthesis or the computer simulation of a large number of different but structurally related molecules. Synthesis of molecules in a combinatorial fashion can quickly lead to large numbers of molecules. Combinatorial chemistry has been used up in industries since the 1990s. But, combinatorial chemistry was there in 1960s when a researcher at Rockefeller University, Bruce Merrifield, started investigating the solid-phase synthesis of peptides. In the 1980s researcher H. Mario Geysen developed this technique further, creating arrays of different peptides on separate supports. Combinatorial chemistry is nowadays used by almost all the pharmaceutical industry. Some researchers have been attempting to optimize the activity profile of a compound by collecting many different but related compounds. On the other hand, advances in robotics have led to an industrial approach to combinatorial synthesis, enabling companies to routinely produce over 100,000 new and unique compounds per year. (Nelapa, Rolfle and Harper, 2006) According to Nelapa, Rolfle and Harper (2006), they say that researchers are creating a virtual library (a computational enumeration of all possible structures of a given pharmacophore with all available reactants), in order to handle the vast number of structural possibilities. This kind of a library, consist of thousands of virtual compounds. The researchers select a subset of the virtual library for actual synthesis that is based upon various calculations and criteria. In the context of luminescent materials obtained by co-deposition of elements on a silicon substrate, work has been continued by several academic groups as well as companies with large research and development programs. In order to improve the biological properties of the compound pharmacophore, the next of drug discovery undergoes synthetic modification of the hits. The quantitative structure-activity relationship of the pharmacophore play an important part in finding lead compounds, which exhibit the most potency, most selectivity, and least toxicity. Pharmacophore is a set of structural features in a molecule that is recognized at a receptor site and is responsible for that molecule's biological activity. (Nelapa, Rolfle and Harper, 2006) Pharmacophores in modern computational chemistry are used to define the essential features of one or more molecules with the same biological activity. Then, a database of diverse chemical compounds is searched for more molecules which share the same features and where these features are a similar distance apart from each other. There are several reasons to find compounds with similar biological activity to known compounds: new compounds may have beneficial effects at different doses, they may be taken up more readily by different tissues, they may have fewer deleterious effects, they may have a different biological half life, and they may be produced more efficiently. In addition, new compounds may not covered by existing patents. (Nelapa, Rolfle

Power Sector Analysis: Porters Five Forces Model

Power Sector Analysis: Porters Five Forces Model More than 63% of Indias total installed capacity is contributed by thermal power. Western region accounts for largest share (30.09%) of the installed power in India followed by Southern region with 27.76%. Unbalanced growth remains the cause of concern for the Indian power sector. Only about 56% of households have access to electricity, with the rural access being 44% and urban access about 82%. Southern region remains the dominant region in renewable energy source accounting for more than 57% of the total renewable energy installed capacity. Indias power generation has grown with nominal rate at 0.65% in 2008 compared with 3.90% increased in 2007. Thermal, hydro and nuclear and wind are the major sources of power generation. Thermal power generation recorded positive growth at 3.25% in December 2008 however hydro and nuclear were recorded negative growth rate at 12.41% and 21.62% respectively in December 2008 compared with December 2007. In April-December 2008 power generation were recorded 2.57% growth compared with April-December 2007. There has been significant improvement in the growth in actual generation over the last few years. As compared to annual growth rate of about 3.1% at the end of 9th Plan and initial years of 10th Plan, the growth in generation during 2006-07 and 2007-08 was of the order of 7.3% and 6.33% respectively. Power Generation is primarily owned by the government (close to 90%) and the rest of the generation capacity is controlled by the private sector. Energy deficit in India has increased over the years. During the year 2007-2008, average energy shortage was 9.0 percent and peak energy shortage was 15.2 percent. As India develops, it is expected that energy demand will increase by more than 8 percent over the medium term. Factors that have been plaguing Indias power sector are capacity shortages, frequent power failures, poor reliability and deteriorating physical and financial conditions. Since majority of power generation is through thermal sources which are dependent on fossil fuels and cause environmental degradation through carbon emissions. Off late the government is laying more emphasis on using hydro and wind energy sources for power generation which are environment-friendly. An analysis of the Power sector using Porters Five Forces model Buyer Power Based on the following parameters it can be said that Overall the buyer has weak power. Low Switching Cost switching cost for the buyers is low as of now but is supposed to increase when new players come in the market as the product in not differentiable i.e. electricity. Buyer size Very small. Oligopoly Threat Very Low. Undifferentiated product As the product i.e. electricity is undifferentiated product, so this increases buyer power. Tendency to switch Buyers will switch to the supplier who is efficient and cost effective. Price sensitivity Not much price sensitive Financial muscle Nothing as compared to PSEs. Buyer independence Low as of now but if more suppliers come into picture as Govt. has sought competition in this market, the buyer power will increase. Product dispensability Very Low. Supplier Power Based on the following parameters it can be assessed that the supplier Power in High. Supplier size Very Large as the suppliers are Large PSEs. Oligopoly threat Small number of suppliers enjoy monopoly, thereby contributing to the supplier power. Switching costs Very high, as only large govt. companies are the suppliers. Player independence Low Substitute inputs As no substitute inputs, so the firms have no choice. Player dispensability High Differentiated input- Inputs are same i.e. electricity in case of company buying electricity from wholesale market and selling to the end-users, and coal or gas in case the company is in power generation field. Threat of New Entrants The Threat of new entrants is moderate based on the following parameters. Low Switching Cost Switching cost for the end-user is low, so it increases opportunity for the new entrants. Undifferentiated product Product is not differentiable i.e. electricity, so the users have the incentive to switch to the low cost supplier. This increases the opportunity for the new efficient entrants. Fixed costs High fixed cost acts as a barrier to entry for new entrants. Little regulation Delicensed generation and multiple licenses in the distribution in the same area of supply acts as an opportunity for the new entrants. Distribution accessible Increasing the threat of new entrants. Suppliers accessible Increasing the threat of new entrants. Market growth High, leading to great opportunities for new entrants. Threat of Substitutes The Threat of substitutes is Weak as per the following parameters. Low Switching Cost The cost of switching to substitutes like gas, solar penal, etc. is high. Rivalry among existing firms The rivalry among existing firms is low as per the following parameters. Competitor size Very Few companies very large in size like NTPC, NLC, NHPC, NPCIL, PGCIL etc. Number of players Very few. Hard to exit Ease of expansion Difficult because of lack of investment and resources. Why should weather derivatives be introduced in India? Estimates suggest that the unutilized hydro power potential of India is in excess of 0.15 Million MW. This figure indicates that there is growing importance of weather dependent hydro and wind based power projects in India. Power generation through hydro and wind depends on a number of critical weather factors such as rainfall, snowfall, wind speed etc. Already weather derivative products based on these indices is being used in a number of countries. With the introduction of availability based tariff the spot market for electricity trading has come up where electricity is bought and sold by market participants like producers, consumers and intermediaries. These developments have taken the market for electricity closer to other normal markets in the economy where derivative trading has been successfully going on. Indian electricity market is still very much controlled by the government unlike the US market which is highly competitive. The Indian government offers a number of subsidies to the consumers thereby absorbing the cost of production and transmission and increasing the fiscal deficit. Introduction of weather derivatives will help in passing the cost to the consumer thereby reducing the burden on the government. Continuous supply of energy to agriculture and industrial sector is essential for the rapid growth of the economy. The government cannot afford to overlook this issue as this would act as a major deterrent to the foreign direct investment. Introduction of weather derivatives would bring in a lot of private participation in energy sector thereby making it more competitive, efficient and robust. Introduction of weather derivatives would serve as an effective risk hedging mechanism for Indian power sector in comparison to other alternatives such as long-term power purchasing agreements. Electricity Derivatives and long term power purchasing agreements: All commodities are being successfully traded on Indian stock exchanges but derivatives trading in power sector has not begun yet. Weather derivatives would be traded soon once the parliament approves the amendment in Forward Contract Regulation Act. Although the electricity derivatives market have not done that well worldwide analysts suggest that unless the spot market for the underlying commodity is well functioning, it is very difficult to have a feasible derivatives market. It would be a difficult task to promote electricity derivatives in India as the spot market in electricity is still in its growing stage and private participation is almost nil. Some of the requirements that should be met for a viable electricity derivative market: An active and competitive spot market with a large number of private participants Government should reduce its control over generation, transmission and distribution of power Availability of adequate number of power exchanges that would cater to the need of each of the geographically segmented electricity market. There should be sufficient surplus power generation capacity available so that power may be transmitted to desired destination without any loss of time. The above features are nonexistent in the Indian market with the majority of the control lying with the government thereby making the electricity market in India highly non-competitive. As per reports it is suggested that in a non-competitive market demand for power should be met by long term power purchasing agreements and a very small percentage should be traded in the spot market because of price volatility. Such agreements hedge the risk of power producing companies but the risk is transferred to the purchasing companies who have to pay the contracted rates. Most of the state electricity boards in India are purchasing power through long term contracts and continue to be in a state of financial bankruptcy. This long term agreements simply shift the price risk to the consumer. In India as of now there are no power exchanges where electricity derivatives are being traded. The above arguments indicate that risk hedging in Indian power sector through electricity derivatives and long term power purchasing agreements may not be a long term solution. Weather Derivatives and their effectiveness for Indian Power sector Weather derivatives are instruments used to hedge the weather dependent risk, which could be termed as financial gain or loss due to variability in daily climatic conditions. In the power sector the weather risk is huge both on demand and supply side as they are dependent on weather related factors. On the demand side the amount of energy required for both heating and cooling depends on the weather. Similarly on the supply side the hydro based power plants are dependent on annual rainfall and snowfall. If the rainfall is insufficient there would be less production and in that case the producers will have to buy from the costly spot markets to meet up the contractual obligation. This is highly risky and hence the hydro based power producers need a hedge against the weather risk. Variation in temperature, rainfall etc means that it would affect the power consumption. Indian electricity market is highly regulated with majority of control related to buying and selling of power is rested with the government therefore price risk in Indian context is not an issue but the volume risk is a major threat. Weather derivatives offer a feasible solution to overcome the volume related risk in Indian power sector as it can be implemented without disturbing the market structure or by making huge infrastructural investments. An essential requirement for trading weather derivatives is the availability of accurate historical and current weather data which is available at the Indian Meteorological Department. The financial market is well developed in India. One important requirement could be developing appropriate weather based indices, designing pricing mechanism for weather derivative contracts and educating the participants about the concept. Once regulatory roadblocks are cleared these contracts could be listed on major stock and commodity exchanges of the country where users, producers and other participants may trade them. State electricity boards and government owned power p roducers would benefit from weather derivatives. Trading in weather derivatives would also bring in a lot of foreign direct investment in power sector as this would be an effective way to hedge volume related risk in power sector. The government needs to open the power distribution to private players to bring in more liquidity and improve efficiency. From above argument it is evident that the weather derivatives are a much better risk hedging alternative as compared to electricity derivatives and long term power purchasing contracts. Selection of Appropriate Weather Derivative Contract A suitable weather derivative contract depends upon the risk tolerance of buyer and the seller weather they are risk averse or risk loving and what their expectations are about the future. Few basic rules before selecting a weather derivative contract: If the parties are risk averse and wish to avoid paying contract premium then variable weather risk can be fixed with a swap contract. If the parties are willing to take risk by paying a moderate to high premium and the probability of price hike is very high then a cap contract can be considered.. If the parties prefer protection from losses due to price decline or lower production more than the benefits from the price rise or increased production then a collar contract is the most suitable one. Swap Contract A weather swap can be constructed for a hypothetical power producer Hydel ltd. if it wants earnings stability from lower rainfall, but would also like to benefit from cold winter conditions without paying a premium. Swap payout structure Cap Contract Assume that a power starves state electricity board wishes to hedge peak load requirement during the summer season. Further, it is assumed that past 20 years data reveals that during the five-month summer season there are 5,000 cumulative cooling degree days (CDDs), on average. After analyzing the relationship between power consumption and historical weather conditions, it is determined that for each CDD above 5,020, SEBs earnings are affected by Rs. 50,000. Therefore, a weather cap contract is structured with a strike value of 5,020 and premium of Rs. 5 million. Cap Contract payout structure Collar Contract Collar contract restricts the natural outcome to upper and lower put boundaries. It is a combination of put and call options. Consider the case of a hypothetical Counterparty Hydel Ltd. The possible payout profile would be: Counterparty: Hydel Ltd. Term: June 2005-May 2006. Index: cumulative inches of rainfall per year, as measured at Station X. Put strike: 40 inches (Hydel Ltd. receives below). Call strike: 60 inches (Hydel Ltd. pays above). Payment: Rs. 10,000 per 1/10 inch. Put limit: 25 inches. Call limit: 80 inches. Premium: No premium. Collar payout structure

The Limits of Software Liability Essay -- Legal Business Technology

"Faulty software can cost lives, cause injury, or economic damage. Write an essay to investigate the question, under which circumstances a software company should be liable for the damage caused. Use an example where software failures are potentially dangerous, such as that of the Prius's brake software. Discuss the difference between strict and negligent liability and comment on the social and economic impact stricter liability practices for software could have." It is remarkable, that nowadays, we have complex software systems everywhere. We have them in our dishwashers, and in our wristwatches, though they are not quite so mission-critical. But sometimes, the human factor can be devastating, because of the negligence or the strict liability who dominates, and often devastating implications not only for the man himself, but can affect the whole economy of a country, succeeding or at least trying to succeed, ignoring the institutions, rules and contract. A highly representative example of the failure of human factors in an attempt to â€Å"progress† with the help of a software, is Ariane 5 explosion, that was the cause of a huge economic gap. It took the European Space Agency 10 years and $7 billion to produce Ariane 5, a giant rocket capable of hurling a pair of three-ton satellites into orbit with each launch. It intended to give Europe overwhelming supremacy in the commercial space business. There was no risk of lightning since the strength of the electric field in the spray was negligible. Perhaps, one problem, leading the explosion, was the visibility. The countdown, which also comprises the filling of the core stage, went smoothly until the first seven minutes when the launch was put on hold since the visibility criteria ... ... at what determines the law and contracts, addressing scientists. Lastly, let us continue our efforts to improve our world, even with technological wonders. Works Cited ARIANE 5 / Flight 501 Failure / Prof. J. L. LIONS / Paris, 19 July 1996 http://sspg1.bnsc.rl.ac.uk/Share/ISTP/ariane5r.htm A Bug and a Crash / by James Gleick http://www.around.com/ariane.html Hardware and Software Liability / by Tim Tompkins / 6 December 2000 http://www.cs.rpi.edu/academics/courses/fall00/ethics/papers/tompkt.html Software liability laws: a dangerous solution / Chase Venters / September 5, 2007 http://lwn.net/Articles/247933/ SOFTWARE LIABILITY / Cem Kaner, J.D., Ph.D. / 1997 http://www.badsoftware.com/theories.htm ARIANE 5 / Flight 501 Failure / Prof. J. L. LIONS / Paris, 19 July 1996 http://sunnyday.mit.edu/accidents/Ariane5accidentreport.html

Nvocc

Introduction Globalization has lead to an increase in the integration of national markets and the interdependence of Countries worldwide have opened their boundaries for a wide range of goods, services, and commodities. Today, in a globalised economy, no nation is self-sufficient. Every nation is involved at different levels in trade to sell what it produces, in order to gain what it lacks and also to produce more effectively than their partners. Maritime history, the study of human activity at sea, covers a broad thematic element of history that often uses a global approach. Freight forwarders typically arrange cargo movement to an international destination. Also referred to as international freight forwarders, they have the expertise that allows them to prepare and process the documentation and perform related activities pertaining to international shipments. Some of the typical information reviewed by a freight forwarder is the commercial invoice, shipper's export declaration, bill of lading and other documents required by the carrier or country of export, import, or transhipment. Much of this information is now processed in a paperless environment. A freight forwarder who does not own vessel, but functions as a carrier by issuing its own bills of lading and assuming responsibility for the shipments is called an NVOCC Non Vessel Operating Common Carrier. Firm that ship cargo on behalf of its client. NVOCC functions like any other carrier, issuing its own bills of lading or air waybills. There are numerous benefits of using a Non Vessel Operating Common Carrier. They can also help a company save time and resources because of their understanding and immense knowledge of the cargo shipping industry. This knowledge includes information on what the most effective and efficient routes of delivery are, based on specific destinations. They have expertise in most of the constituents of cargo shipping, packaging, pickup and delivery. This knowledge is institutional in providing a cargo with the best possible standards in accordance with international standards of delivery. Non-vessel operating common carriers are considered to be one of the â€Å"intermediaries† in the shipping industry. The latest law in this area has defined the NVOCC as â€Å"a common carrier which does not own or operate the vessels by which the ocean transportation is provided, and is a shipper in its relationship with the ocean carrier Latest law has defined the NVOCC as â€Å"a common carrier which does not own or operate the vessels by which the ocean transportation is provided, and is a shipper in its relationship with the ocean carrier. † NVOCC operators buy space from ocean carriers for consolidated shipments from a variety of clients. Documentation, logistical planning and warehousing of cargo from the port to final destination also are taken care of as part of the services provided. It was in 1951, when first intermodal modern day container was built and in 1955 first intermodal transport was operated. For the purpose to stream line the movement of container from origin to destination, there were intermediaries at each stage in the system. Ocean Freight Forwarder, Custom Clearance Agents, Trucking Agency, Railway Booking and Wagon Lease Agency, Container Freight Station, Port Clearance Agents, etc. Components Each time of the following three stages, i. . Inland Transportation at origin, Seaway and Finally Inland Transportation at destination, a new Bill of Lading was issued and cargo was insured. With International Trade increasing in 1970’s, efficiencies from containerisation led to trade of large volume and increased ocean carrier’s attention to ship with Full container load (FCL). That was the ti me when NVOCC emerged into the business. NVOCC’s are considered as one of the â€Å"intermediaries† in maritime industry. NVOCC’s went a way ahead in the business and provided end to end logistic solution even to small shippers. Business Model for NVOCC follows as shown below. At the origin, a NVOCC plays a role of consolidator as well as packaging agency, whereby they take part parcels from various shippers and consolidate in one full load container. Increase in efficiency and low time turn out time in transportation from inland depots to gateways of port. Another concept of Multicity Consolidation (MCC) is also leveraged by NVOCC’s. Once the cargo is placed in Container Freight Stations (CFS) or ware house at ICD’s, Cargo to a same destination is consolidated in one FCL. In this way NVOCC’s filled a transportation niche, particularly for inland ports, as onsolidator for smaller shippers ignored or abandoned by the ocean carrier. NVOCC Bill of lading: NVOCC's releases MULTIMODAL House Bill of Ladings (HBL) once they run a door-to-door service. They issue this HBL against shipper/final consignee whilst the Steam Ship Line issues a Master B/L (MBL) against the forwarder at origin and the forwarder at destination. NVOCCs play an importan t part in international trade. It is important that safeguards are in place to ensure the security of blank Bills of Lading, and there are systems in place to track them if they are misused. A NVOCC, who does not charter an entire ship, concludes contracts of carriage with several shippers/freight forwarders concerning individual packages or containers. When the NVOCC has accumulated an appropriate number of orders, he concludes a contract of carriage with a carrier who actually will perform the transportation. The NVOCC makes money by obtaining a better price from the carrier than he (the NVOCC) charges his shippers. The main duty of a carrier consists of the unconditional and unlimited obligation to transport the goods from the port of loading to the port of destination. The commitment to fulfil the transport obligation is the only and decisive criterion for a carrier. The salient features of NVOCC (Exports Sea) are as below: ?Register Individual shipment, Shipping Bill wise. ?Club multiple shipping bills under one HBL. ?Club multiple HBLs under one Master B/L. ?Prepare and print Master and House Bill of Lading. ?Specify B/L Charges for various charge heads for both payment and receipts and in any currency. ?Prepare Challan report for HBL. ?Prepare and send Consol Manifest. ?A unique Alert system which updates the user on current status of shipments based on shipment life cycle defined. These alerts can be mailed directly to the customer. ?Prepare and send Shipping Advice to customer. ?Prepare and Print Container Load Plan (CLP). ?Shipped On board (SOB) or Shut Out report preparation. ?Track transhipment details of containers at various Cargo Hubs. ?Various Customer Service reports. Can be sent directly through email from system. ?Prepare and print various types of Invoices e. g. Services and Freight, Brokerage, Lifting Shifting etc. including to Overseas Agent. The salient features of NVOCC (Imports Sea) are as below: ?Record various details for Import Shipment. Maintain various stages of shipment in its life cycle. ?A unique Alert system which updates the user on current status of shipments based on shipment life cycle defined. These alerts can be mailed directly to the customer. ?Keep track of various charges related to a shipment e. g. Freight, Fuel Surcharge, Ex-Works etc. ?Prepare, print and send Cargo Arrival Notice (CAN) to Importer for collection of charges which are linked to Accounts. ?Receive or Send Delivery Order (DO) as the case may be. ?Checks for shipment under Bank Release Order (BRO) and controls issue of DO. Overseas Agent's inward invoice/Credit/Debit Note can be booked into system for each shipment with profit sharing. ?A complete Foreign Remittances module for payment and receipts with RBI and bank covering letters/forms. The salient features of NVOCC (Accounts) are as below: ?Complete accounting package to suit specifically the needs of freight forwarding/NVOCC business with multi location and multi division activity. ?Managing the accounts of individual profit centres combined with common accounting books. ?Prepare/ view trial balance/ profit and loss/ balance sheet for individual profit centres as well as entire company. Prepare and print all types of vouchers e. g. Cash/Bank payment and receipts and Journal vouchers. ?Receipts and payments can be booked against particular invoices with TDS deducted details. ?Book Tra de Bills i. e. related to a particular shipment e. g. Transport or Freight Debit notes. ?Facility for Non Trade bills where tracking can be had for each item in a bill e. g. stationery items, Telephones etc. with separate recording of Service Tax Charged. ?Complete Cheque Book Management module for tracking of checks bank wise and also cancelled and post dated cheques. Merge Data of different Branches in Head Office. ?Complete Security module for rights of each user to operate a certain part of software. ?Data can be exported to TALLY accounting Package. Working of NVOCC’s at Various stages: Warehousing & In plant Logistics Receipt Unloading into warehousing Inspection Storage including stacking Preservation Order execution Dispatch and loading into own/customers’ vehicle Yard Management Receipt of Cargo Inspection Storage Inventory Management Order execution Billing Dispatch to Customers Value Added Services Unpacking/Repacking Grading / Sorting Break-bulk Labelling / Bar Coding Heat Sealing / Shrink Wrapping Assembly related services Quality Check Information Related Services MIS on stock, dispatch KPI related MIS Invoicing related MIS Preparation / submission of Excise returns Invoicing Order Processing Invoice Printing Related Statutory Documentation Inventory Management Re-order Level Assessment & finalization Stock-aging & FSN analysis Distribution (Secondary Transportation) Transportation to Customers’ premises Unloading at Customers’ premises Transit Insurance (as required) Reverse Logistics Transport Load Optimisation

John Grisham - His Most Recent Releases

John Grisham - His Most Recent Releases Although  John Grisham gained popularity through legal thrillers, he has successfully branched out these past few  years. For a more up-to-date taste of his work, here is a short list of John Grishams most recent releases.   Gray Mountain Published on October 21, 2014, Gray Mountain  is about a Manhattan lawyer who spends a year in Appalachia after losing her job during the 2008 financial crisis. In the process, she learns a lot about small town culture. Eventually, she enters the courtroom for the first time in her legal career and has a  run in  with big coal that becomes dangerous. The Whistler Grishams most recent book, The Whistler was published on October 25, 2016. While judges are expected to be models of intelligence, honor, and impartiality, The Whistler tells the story of a corrupt judge who bends the law. With a plot that involves the mafia, whistleblowers, hidden identities, and danger, this book has all the ingredients to make a page-turning thriller.   Camino Island The prolific John Grisham will publish his 30th book in 2017, titled Camino Island. The story revolves around a set of handwritten F. Scott Fitzgerald manuscripts that get stolen and sold into the black market. The FBI, a secret agency, and a young writer all get involved in the investigation of these missing documents.   Fans will be excited to hear that Camino Island will be released on June 6, 2017. Dont want to wait? Check out this complete list of Grisham books  and see if you missed one of his earlier novels.

Business English Writing Resources

Business English Writing Resources Written communication is especially important at work. Business writing often follows specific expectations. There are a wide range of standard phrases that are expected in business English that are generally not used in everyday English. Examples Please find attached ...We regret to inform you that ...It has come to our attention that ... Another challenge is that business writing follows very specific formulas in structure. Take the resume, ​for instance, the writing style you use, the points you highlight about your career or education, and the overall look and feel can play a very important role in deciding whether you are offered a job or not. There are also a number of documents that are common to business writing. These include office memos, e-mails, and reports. These business writing documents also take on different styles depending on the audience of those who receive the documents. This guide to business writing points you in the direction of the wide variety of resources available on the site. Basic Business Letters These two articles provide an overall framework for writing business letters. They outline specific issues of salutation, structure, letter layout and language use. Finally, there is also a Business Letter Writing Basics - Business Letter Writing Basics for English learners. Guide to basic style questions and standard phrases used in business English letters. How to Write a Business Letter - This how to provides a quick step by step guide to writing a basic business letter. Specific Business Letters Building on basic business letters, these business letters provide specific examples of letters written for common business writing tasks such as making an inquiry, sales letters, placing an order, etc. They include key phrases commonly found in each of business letter types, as well as an example letter on which to model your own English business correspondence. Letters of AcknowledgementMaking a Sale - Sales LetterPlacing an OrderMaking a ClaimAdjusting a ClaimMaking an inquiryReplying to an inquiryNew Account Terms and ConditionsBasic Business LettersWriting a Cover Letter when Applying for a Job Specific Business Documents There are a number of standard business documents that are used on a daily basis at the office. These documents follow standard outlines. This example provides important structural details, an introduction and example document on which to model your own reports. How to Write a Business Report Job Applications It is extremely important that these key business documents are in order when applying for a job. The cover letter and the resume are key to successfully winning a job offer during the interviewing process. Finding a Job - Writing a Cover LetterExample Cover Letter 1Writing Your Resume

Changes of Technology into the Teaching Profession Essay

Changes of Technology into the Teaching Profession - Essay Example With this, it can categorically be said that the teaching profession has gone a long way to jive with the innovations in technology. In regard to the aforesaid facts, this paper aims to explore the salient changes of technology into the teaching profession. Moreover, the discussion and analysis shall be based on relevant references that showcase reputable research evidences, thereby exemplifying the intent of this paper. According to Crader and Bridgforth (1996), the benefits of technology into the teaching profession are generally positive. Such benefits were enlisted in the research conducted by the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) and are quoted as follows: Furthermore, it was also figured that technology has made "a real difference" with the way educators implement their teaching methods and skills (Center for Technology in Education, qtd. in Crader and Bridgforth "Recent Research on the Effects of Technology"). This is evidenced by the integration of telecommunications into teaching, where telecommunication activities are being conducted with students, thus enabling teachers to spend more time with individual students and less time in making traditional lectures to the whole class, in so doing, it would allow students to carry out a more independent work (Honey, 1993, qtd. in Crader and Bridgforth "Recent Research on the Effects of Technology"). These changes signify the shift from the traditional direct approaches to a more student-centered approach in teaching (Crader and Bridgforth "Recent Research on the Effects of Technology"). Hence, technology is hailed as a driving force that geared towards improved teaching and learning (Sel din "Improving College Teaching"). On the other hand, for technology to be effective in the field of teaching, certain skills and tasks are required to ensure the appropriateness of its implementation, as well as successful adaptation to the changes brought about by the advent of technology. Thus, the following are the recommendations from the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA): Integrating and suiting technology into education/teaching goals and standards Having a vision for the use of technology to support curriculum Ensuring access to appropriate technology Providing training for the use of new technology Rendering sufficient administrative support for technology use Providing time for teachers to plan and learn how to integrate technology Providing for ongoing technical support for technology use (OTA, 1995, qtd. in Crader and Bridgforth "Recent Research on the Effects of Technology"). Additionally, a positive disposition, or attitude, towards the application of technology to teaching is a key prerequisite in order to develop the

The effect of feedback on learners of a Foreign Language in the Dissertation

The effect of feedback on learners of a Foreign Language in the development of the writing skill - Dissertation Example Although writing is one of the most important aspects of language learning, it has been observed that when learning second language much emphasis is on the fluency of speech and error free writing is neglected. A written piece of work with grammatical and other errors is a real eyesore and shows poor command over the language. Writing in a second language is difficult for students mostly because they do not have sufficient working knowledge of the target language. The biggest challenge the students of second language face is writing an error free composition. Error free composition in second language is possible through practice and through the guidance of the teacher in the form of feedback. Research shows that feedback plays an important role in language learning as it not only helps in the development of writing skills of the students but it also improves the general language learning (Hyland 2011). Teachers give different type of feedback in different situations; usually errors i n speech are corrected on the spot while errors in writing are corrected after some time. Teachers either simply point out the errors or sometimes write comments. Self-correction and peer correction are common techniques for error correction but learners have little confidence in these techniques and prefer their teachers’ remarks. ... Written comments from the teachers, on the other hand, are not easy to ignore and cannot be forgotten and are thus the most preferred form of feedback used in teaching. Though written feedback is very useful in helping students develop their writing skills while learning a foreign language, empirical evidence gleaned from experience of teaching written French language skills to undergraduate students, shows that there is a lack of engagement with written feedback on their written language assignments. This impedes student progress in target language acquisition. This research study aims to identify how students engage with written feedback provided by their teachers and while focusing on undergraduate French students aims to explore the level of engagement of students with different forms of responses in the area of language learning. This qualitative research project that started from the premise that students may be unaware of the ways in which feedback can be exploited as a valuab le learning tool, progressed to identify the ways in which students currently respond to feedback from their tutors and how and why they feel a certain form of feedback is more effective. Based on the findings, this study also suggest new ways of delivering feedback in different formats and how the written feedback can be improved further in ways that are considered more effective by the students.   1.1 Background and Context Despite the paramount importance of written feedback on the assignments of students learning foreign language, less emphasis is placed on research in this area. There has been research on what students perceive about writing in a second language (Ismail 2011); also teaching writing to students of foreign language (Gaudiani 1981; Caywood & Gillian

Hawaii Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hawaii - Research Paper Example The islands present a variety of features from volcanic eruptions to glacial features on Mauna Kea volcano as well as abundant rain forests of tropical trees, ferns and flowering plants to desert grass and cactus. Hawaiian physical geography has a number of components that include: In physical geography, according to Gabler, Peterson & Trapasso (2006), earth is taken as a system with inputs of energy. Earth is otherwise a closed system to the input and output of matter. Other than meteorites and gas molecules, nothing can enter the earth’s surface. Another example of earth’s system being a closed one is hydrosphere. Water in the atmosphere is present in all its three forms – liquid, gas and hard ice. It can change shape from one state to another but the output remains the same in the system. The same is not true of the earth’s sub systems. That’s why they are called open systems. Flow of energy is unhindered over a sub system’s physical boundaries as inputs and outputs. Taking the example of a stream as an open sub system where energy remains in the form of soil, rock fragments, solar energy and precipitation; all these forms of energy enter the stream excluding heat energy that scatters into the atmosphere and the str eam bed. Water and the matter of the stream ends into the ocean and the stream system get input from the precipitation. Same is true of the physical geography of Hawaii. Due to continuous eruption of lava from with in the ocean body, Hawaii islands have come into form. Hawaii’s coastlines present one of the most vivid and changing environment. All spheres of earth meet at its coastline—hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. In the Hawaii islands, the movement of energy and processes happen the same, as energy release from lava eruption and sun energy warms water bodies and oceans; water evaporates into the atmosphere and releases back in the form of rain on land and pass through streams and rivers, and finally enter

Marketing Reasearch Topshop Essay Example for Free

Marketing Reasearch Topshop Essay Many organisations use marketing research to contribute to the development of their businesses because Market research can improve marketing strategies. Market research gives you concrete feedback regarding the product or service. You can use the information from market studies in your marketing strategy to define your target market, position your product, and price it appropriately. TOPSHOP is one of the world’s most internationally recognized fashion design talent schemes its part of the Arcadia Group, which owns a number of other retail outlets, it seems to be the single biggest supporter of emerging design talent in the UK. Arcadia Group ones over than 500 stores in more than 30 markets, supporting franchisees. Retail is a popular market as many new designers and stores are always popping Using marketing research is the most common kind of research as you can determine your market how you need to brand your product. Also finding competitors can be very useful when selling similar products for example a very popular fashion necessity like leggings. These leather leggings are popular in London at the moment and many stores are selling them however as TOPSHOP is such a popular brand people would rather spend  £33 at TOPSHOP then  £12.99 at a more basic store even with the significant price difference. This shows the importance of market research and branding, TOPSHOP’s reputation and brand awareness allows them to sell product at a higher price than other market competitors. Both products are made from the same material 100% Polyurethane but TOPSHOPS modifies the basic shape by adding multiple seams and a metal zipper, this adds a more fashionable twist then other companies which then allow TOPSHOP’s marketing team to increase the price to beat competitors. Topshop is a British clothes retailer specialized in womens clothing and fashion accessories. Topshop started life in 1964 as Peter Robinsons Topshop. By the 1970s Topshop had the first stand-alone store which was opened in 1974 however in 1994 the brand began to grow and set up at 214 Oxford Store. TOPSHOP first had a reputation of being a tacky low price clothing outlet. As the brand started growing they created TOPSHOP ‘plus to appeal to a larger market and compete with potential market competitors, which has now earned the fame of now leading fashion retailer. This success is owed to market strategy made in 1994 by going upscale. TOPSHOP ‘plus products will arrive first in the market and will be of high quality and very low comparative price. TOPSHOP plus stock up to date fashion clothes and accessories before any of its competitors does in the market because of the brand status many sellers want to work with TOPSHOP as they have so much publicity and celebrity endorsement. The endorsement from the British super model Kate Moss acted to strengthen Top Shops image as being first class in fashion clothing additionally the collection arrived in stores, designed to capture the models unique sense of style, Kate Moss for Top shop was one of the most hotly anticipated high street collaborations. Over time, TOPSHOP will come to be known not only as just the fashion accessory provider but much rather a trend setter especially with its in-house designer brands and those exclusively introduced and introduced by fashion industry leaders. Due to its various marketing efforts, innovations in the business and exclusive services for its customers, it is now the biggest and the most differentiated name in the fashion industry especially when it comes to retailers in the field.

Role Of Armed Forces During Disaster Relief

Role Of Armed Forces During Disaster Relief 1. Although the man has made extensive progress in his relatively short existence on earth, he is still virtually helpless in front of vagaries of nature. Natural disasters such as cyclones, flood and earthquakes ravage mans domain at will and cause much loss to life and property. Despite everyones concern for disasters and technological developments in the world, the response to disasters has been knee jerk and uncoordinated at international, national and state levels. The problem is more acute in developing countries rather than in developed ones. The United Nations and its specialised agencies have always had an interest in and commitment to disaster relief. Therefore, there are various disaster relief, preparedness, prevention and mitigation programmes being carried out by various United Nations Organisations  [1]  . 2. The trend of occurrence of disasters is increasing and will escalate in future. Disasters like tsunamis and earthquakes, which have been the most destructive, along with the floods and droughts that arise from extreme weather conditions, are expected to get worse due to adverse impact of climate change. In the 21st century, the 2001 Bhuj earthquake; the 2004 tsunami; the 2005 earthquake in Kashmir; heavy rainfall in Mumbai in 2006 when nearly 1 m rain fell in a single day; the 2008 Bihar Kosi disaster; the August 2010 cloud burst in Leh; and, most recently, the September 2011 Sikkim earthquake have seen the armed forces as first responders  [2]  . 3. In Indian context it is unlikely that the local civil administration will have the resources available immediately to deal with a major disaster such as the earthquake that occurred in Gujarat in 2001 or the Tsunami of 2004. Therefore, it is essential that the state governments prepare detail disaster management plans and keep the resources in terms of men and material ready for use at short notice. There is a need for civil administration at the district and state levels to organise disaster relief cells with a pool of reserve. At present due to the inability of local administration to deal with natural calamities, armed forces are invariably employed for disaster relief. 4. In spite of breakdown of communications and the absence of a major strength of troops and resources, the response of the armed forces has always been prompt and won the respect of all concerned. The mainstay and strength of the Armed forces vis-à  -vis civilian organisations has been the sense of discipline, training to respond to orders, adaptability, selfless dedication to the cause, genuine concern and focused action. These factors have always resulted in many individuals and NGOs wanting to route assistance through the Armed forces. Seeing the good work being done by the Armed forces, the government organisations, NGOs and civil agencies then join in the relief effort. This generates a spirit of cooperation. The mere presence of Armed forces troops instils a sense of security and gives solace to the affected people  [3]  . Disaster Response Activities 5. Disaster management, which involves assessment and response, can be seen in various activities. The following are various activities of emergency response. Warning. Search and Rescue. Evacuation and Migration. Response and Relief. Logistics and Supply. Communication and Information Management. Rehabilitation. Post-Disaster Assessment  [4]  . 6. Natural calamities impart lessons at a huge cost of life and property. But if these lessons do not lead us to learning, then the cost will seem even heavier. At the time recurrence of disaster, the failure to learn from the previous incidents hurts the most. The massive earthquake in Gujarat and the subsequent chaos were indicators of how important prior planning is in managing relief and rehabilitation during various disasters. The Kutchh region required massive immediate assistance , however civil administration was unprepared for such crisis. Indian armed forces were employed for the relief from the begining. This made the need for a proper disaster mitigation plan very apparent. Learning from experience is essential in building a knowledge resource which would help in being better prepared in the future. CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY 1. Hypothesis. A common thread in a countrys response to disaster situation is military support to civilian authorities. India disaster relief mechanism in the present form lacks the required synergy between civil and military organisations to facilitate a synergised response. 2. Statement of Problem. The civil administration often falls back on the armed forces for assistance in crisis situations. Efficient disaster management mechanism, therefore, should incorporate the armed forces at each stage. The formulated plans should specify the assistance likely to be required in disaster situations. The most efficient system will be to have seamless integration in operations, with an aim of core competency areas of each establishment giving its best in least time. The aim of the study is to examine the disaster relief mechanism existing in the country and analyze the interplay of various organizations in handling the disaster situation. Justification for the Study 3. Over the past few years, the Government has introduced a paradigm shift in the approach to disasters. Corner stone of this approach is the realisation that disaster management has to be multi-disciplinary and spanning across all the sectors of development. As calamities evoke extraordinary response, the civil authoritys reliance on the Armed Forces has also ever increased. Due to their quick response, Armed forces have become a mantra in the hands of the state to respond to such calamities spanning from Law and Order problems to large scale disasters. Despite our country being extremely vulnerable and prone to natural calamities, no detailed hazard and vulnerability assessments have been carried out either at the State or the National level  [5]  . 4. Is the country adequately prepared with infrastructure and strategy against various natural disasters? There are differences of opinion on this issue. According to some, there are certain limitations, but overall, the country is well equipped. Others, however point out that the country does not have detailed vulnerability assessments, forcing it to only respond to calamities and organise reconstruction  [6]  . It is in this context that this study assumes greater importance. It will analyse various facets of disaster preparedness, evaluate existing structures for disasters management and put forward its recommendations. 5. For the purpose of this study disasters related to war, civil disturbance and slow disasters (Like crop failure, famine etc) will be kept out. Natural disasters (Like floods, earthquake etc) and the response of armed forces in helping civil administration would be the focus of the study. The study is basically confined to the role of Armed forces, to include Air Force and Navy in providing assistance to the civil authorities in all natural calamities. 6. Method of Data Collection. Data and information has been collected from Military Papers, periodicals, newspapers and books. Disaster management setup of the country has been derived from NDMA 2005 Ministry of Home Affairs documents on disaster management. 7. Organisation of the Dissertation. The research paper is covered under the following Chapters :- (a) Introduction. (b) Methodology. (c) National policy on disaster management. (d) Role of armed forces. (e) International disaster relief system. (f) Current concerns and recommendations. CHAPTER III NATIONAL POLICY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT As of now, the government has no concrete disaster management policy. Many disasters are first created by us and then crores of rupees are spent on rescue and relief operations. The government should focus more on a sustainable model of development which can avoid disasters. Sunder Lal Bhauguna 1. Evolution of Disaster Management in India. Disaster management in India has evolved from an activity-based reactive setup to a proactive institutionalized structure; from single faculty domain to a multi-stakeholder setup; and from a relief-based approach to a multi-dimensional pro-active holistic approach for reducing risk. The beginnings of an institutional structure for disaster management can be traced to the British period following the series of disasters such as famines of 1900, 1905, 1907 1943, and the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 1937. Over the past century, the disaster management in India has undergone substantive changes in its composition, nature and policy  [7]  . 2. Emergence of Institutional Arrangement in India. A permanent and institutionalised setup began in the decade of 1990s with set up of a disaster management cell under the Ministry of Agriculture, following the declaration of the decade of1990 as the International Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) by the UN General Assembly. Following series of disasters such as Latur Earthquake (1993), Malpa Landslide (1994),Orissa Super Cyclone (1999) and Bhuj Earthquake (2001), a high powered Committee under the Chairmanship of Mr. J.C. Pant, Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture was constituted for drawing up a systematic, comprehensive and holistic approach towards disasters  [8]  . There was a shift in policy from an approach of relief through financial aid to a holistic one for addressing disaster management. Consequently, the disaster management division was shifted under the Ministry of Home Affairs in 2002 and a hierarchical structure for disaster management evolved in India2. Organisation and Structure of Disaster Management 3. Disaster management division is headed by Joint Secretary in ministry of home affairs, who is assisted by three Directors, Under Secretaries, Section Officers, Technical Officer, Senior Economic Investigator consultants and other supporting staff. The upper echelon of the structure also consists of Secretary (Border Management), Home Secretary, Minister of State in charge and the Home Minister. 4. Shifting from the relief and response mode, disaster management structure in India started to address the issues of early warning systems, forecasting and monitoring setup for various weather related hazards. A structure for flow of information, in the form of warnings, alerts and updates about the oncoming hazard, also emerged in this framework. A high powered group was setup by involving representatives of different ministries and departments. Some of these ministries were also designated as nodal authorities for specific disasters3. Disaster Management Act, 2005 5. This Act provides for the effective management of disasters in the country. NDMA provides institutional mechanisms for formulating and monitoring the implementation of the disaster management. It also ensures measures by the various branches of the Government for prevention and mitigation of disasters and prompt response during any disaster situation. The Act provides for setting up of National Disaster Management Authority under Chairmanship of the Prime Minister, State Disaster Management Authorities under the Chairmanship of the Chief Ministers, District Disaster Management Authorities under the Chairmanship of Collectors/District Magistrates/Deputy Commissioners. 6. The Act further provides for the constitution of different Executive Committee at national and state levels. Under its aegis, the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) for capacity building and National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) for response purpose have been set up. It also mandates the concerned Ministries and Departments to draw up their own plans in accordance with the National Plan. The Act further contains the provisions for financial mechanisms such as creation of funds for response, National Disaster Mitigation Fund and similar funds at the state and district levels for the purpose of disaster management. The Act also provides specific roles to local bodies in disaster management4. National Level Institutions 7. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was initially constituted on May 30, 2005 under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister. The NDMA has been mandated with laying down policies on disaster management and guidelines which would be followed by different ministries, departments of central government and state government in taking measures for disaster risk reduction. It has also laid down guidelines to be followed by the state government authorities in drawing up the State Plans and to take such measures for the management of disasters, Details of these responsibilities are given as under :- (a) Lay down policies on disaster management. (b) Approve the National Plan. (c) Approve plans prepared by various ministries or departments of the government of India in accordance with the National Plan for disaster management. (d) Lay down guidelines for the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan. (e) Lay down guidelines for the different ministries or departments of the government for the purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of disasters and the mitigation of their effects in their development plans projects. (f) Coordinate the implementation of the policy and plan for disaster management within the country. (g) Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of disaster mitigation. (h) Provide support to other countries affected by disasters on the recommendation of Central Government. (j) Take other measures for the prevention of disaster, mitigation, preparedness and capacity building for dealing with the disaster situation . (k) Lay down policies and guidelines for functioning of the National Institute for Disaster Management  [9]  . 8. Composition of NDMA. Besides the nine members nominated by the Prime Minister, Chairperson of the Authority, the Organisational structure consists of a Secretary and five Joint Secretaries including one Financial Advisor. There are 10 posts of Joint Advisors and Directors, 14 Assistant Advisors, Under Secretaries and Assistant Financial Advisor and Duty Officer along with supporting staff  [10]  . 9. State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA). The Disaster Management Act, 2005 provides for constitution of SDMAs in all the states and UTs. The Act envisages establishment of State Executive Committee, to be headed by Chief Secretary of the state Government with four other Secretaries of such departments as the state Government may think fit. It has the responsibility for coordinating and monitoring the implementation of the National Policy, the National Plan and the State Plan. 10. District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA). NDMA provides for constitution of DDMA for every district of a state. The District Magistrate/ District Collector/Deputy Commissioner heads the Authority as Chairperson besides an elected representative of the local authority as Co-Chairperson. The District Authority is responsible for planning, coordination and implementation of disaster management and to take such measures for disaster management as provided in the guidelines. The District Authority also has the power to examine the construction in any area in the district to enforce the safety standards and also to arrange for relief measures and respond to the disaster at the district level. 11. National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM). In the backdrop of the International decade of Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), a National centre of disaster management has been established at the Indian Institute for Public Administration in 1995. The Centre was subsequently upgraded and designated as the National Institute of Disaster management on 16th October 2003. Disaster management act, 2005 entrusts the institute with various responsibilities, such as to develop the training modules, undertake research and documentation for disaster management, organise the training programmes, organise study courses, conferences, and seminars to promote disaster management. It is also responsible for publication of journals, research papers and books on disaster management  [11]  . 12. National Disaster Response Force. The National Disaster Response Force has been constituted under Disaster management act, 2005 by up-gradation/conversion of eight standard battalions of central para military forces i.e. two battalions each from Border Security Force, Indo-Tibetan Border Police, Central Industrial Security Force and Central Reserve Police Force to build them up as a specialist force to respond to disaster or disaster like situations. 13. The eight battalions of NDRF consist of 144 specialised teams trained in various types of natural, manmade and non-natural disasters.72 of such teams are designed to cater to the Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear(CBRN) calamities besides natural calamities. Each NDRF battalion consists of 1149 personnel organised in 18 teams comprising of 45 personnel, who are being equipped and trained for rendering effective response to any disaster situation, both natural and manmade. All these eight battalions are being trained in natural disasters while four of them are being additionally trained for handling CBRN disasters. Based on vulnerability profile of different regions of the country, these specialist battalions have been presently stationed at the following eight places:- Bhatinda. Gr. Noida. Vadodara. Pune (talegaon). Bhubaneshwar (mundali). Kolkata. Guwahati. Patna. Chennai (Arakkonam).  [12]   14. The Government of India has approved the raising of two additional battalions of National Disaster Response Force by up gradation and conversion of one battalion each of Border Security Force and Central Reserve Police Force to be located in the states of Bihar (Bihata, Patna) and Andhra Pradesh (Vijaywada) respectively. The administrative approval for raising the two battalions was issued on 13-10- 2010  [13]  . 15. State Disaster Response Force. The states/UTs have also been advised to set up their Specialist Response Force for responding to disasters on the lines of National Disaster Response Force by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The Central Government is providing assistance for training of trainers. The state governments have been also advised to utilise 10 percent of their State Disaster Response Fund and Capacity Building Grant for procuring the search and rescue equipment and for training purposes of the Response Force  [14]  . Civil Defence 16. Role of Civil Defence. During times of emergencies, the CD organisation has the vital role of mobilising the citizens and helping civil administration for saving life and property, minimising damage, and raising public morale. 225 towns have been nominated as CD towns. 17. Each town has nucleus of four Permanent Staff along with 400 CD Volunteers for a two lakh population. It is expected that each state will have one CD Training Institute with permanent strength of 36 personnel, five vehicles and other equipments. The District Magistrate is designated as a Controller for CD Towns. The present strength of CD volunteers is 5.72 lakhs, out of which 5.11 lakhs are already trained. The target strength of CD volunteers has been fixed at 13 lakhs based on the population of CD towns as per 2001 census  [15]  . National Crisis Management 18. For effective implementation of necessary relief measures in the wake of a natural disaster, the Cabinet has established a Committee. On the constitution of this committee of the cabinet, the concerned Secretary will provide all the necessary information and data to and seek directions of the cabinet committee in all the matters concerning disaster relief. In the absence of this cabinet Committee, all matters relating to disaster relief will be reported to the Cabinet Secretary. 19. National Crisis Management Committee. A National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) has been constituted in the Cabinet Secretariat. The composition of the Committee is as under  [16]  :- (a) Cabinet Secretary Chairman. (b) Secretary to Prime Minister Member. (c) Secretary (MHA) Member. (d) Secretary (MOD) Member. (e) Director (IB) Member. (f) Secretary (RAW) Member. (g) Secretary (Agriculture) Co-opted Member. (h) An Officer of Cabinet Secretariat Convener. 20. Calamities Relief Fund. The government has earmarked two funds i.e. Calamities Relief Fund and National Fund for Calamities. The nodal agency for recommending release of these two funds is the Crisis Management Group in the Ministry of Agriculture, which is headed by Central Relief Commissioner. The allocation for the all the states under these funds is done by the Finance Commission for a duration of five years, based on the vulnerability of the states to Natural calamities and average expenditure. National Fund for Calamities is additional fund besides Calamities Relief Fund ; while 75 percent of CRF is contributed by the centre, the allocation under National Fund for Calamities is entirely by the centre and more or less discretionary  [17]  . Forecasting Warning 21. Forecasting about climate change is pre requisite for taking preparedness measure to respond to the disaster is the most important element of disaster management. The Ministry of Environment Forest , Ministry of Earth Sciences , Ministry of Science Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Ministry of Non-conventional Energy, Defence Research Development Organization, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Indian Space Research Organization and Indian Meteorological Department promote and undertake climate and climate change related research in the country  [18]  . (a) Atmosphere Watch Stations. A network of 10 Global Atmosphere Watch Stations consisting of Allahabad, Jodhpur, Kodaikanal, Minicoy, Mohanbari, Port Blair, Pune, Nagpur, Srinagar and Vishakhapatnam, is maintained by IMD as per WMO protocols and standards since 1974 to generate data and information on the exchange of trace materials between the atmosphere and the earths surface, making atmospheric turbidity and air quality measurements to quantify trends and acid rain threats. (b) Atmospheric monitoring. There are 25 types of atmospheric monitoring networks that are operated and coordinated by the IMD. This includes meteorological, climatologically, environment, air pollution and other specialized observation of atmospheric trace constituents. (c) Cyclone Warning. The IMD has established an observation network for detecting cyclones through 10 cyclone detection radars along the coasts. The detection range of these radars is 400 km. INSAT-1B satellite also monitors cyclonic movements. Ships and commercial radars are also utilized for cyclonic warnings. About 260 merchant ships have meteorological observation systems. (d) Flood Forecast. The Ministry of water resources has an effective flood forecast system with 157 flood forecasting centres covering 62 river basins. Along with IMD, they monitor rainfall water levels in the reservoirs. India has also developed radars which give accurate estimate of rainfall up to 200 km around the radar site. (e) Tsunami warning. Post tsunami dated 26th December, 2004, Ministry of Earth Sciences has established the Indian National Tsunami Warning System at Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad. The Tsunami Early Warning System (TEWS) was made operational on 15th Oct 2007. This agency has developed a protocol for issue for Tsunami Watch, Alert and Warnings. The Centre gives information to all responders about the origin, time, location of the epicentre, magnitude and depth of an earthquake inside the ocean and accordingly issues bulletins. (f) Avalanche Warning. DRDOs network of more than fifty laboratories is deeply engaged in developing Defence technologies. Centre for Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) is one of the laboratories of the DRDO located at Chandigarh with its primary function to do research in the field of snow and avalanches and to provide avalanche control measures and forecasting support to Armed forces. Role of Voluntary Organisations 22. The role of voluntary organisations is to help people overcome the problems created by natural calamities by providing relief services to the people. They also works as the eyes and ears by acting as the intermediary between the masses and the government agencies to avoid duplication, ensure proper distribution of resources and organise vigilance groups for preventing of misuse of resources. 23. Some of the activities under taken by voluntary organisations are:- (a) Establishing free food distribution centres, distributing blankets, clothes and medicines to prevent epidemics. (b) Organising necessary relief camps, first aid centres, and immunisation camps. (c) Organisation relief teams and sending them to far-flung affected areas to provide relief and monitor relief programmes. (d) Organising awareness programmes about different relief activities initiated by Government and Non Government Organisations. (e) Generating employment opportunities in the affected areas. (f) Adoption of families of the affected areas. CHAPTER IV ROLE OF ARMED FORCES 1. The armed forces of any nation are probably best organised to provide support for establishing a various of public services like public works, communications, transport, medical services, search rescue, and support activities. They are able to react quickly in a self contained, self sufficient and mobile fashion. Armed forces personnel are well trained in the skills necessary to perform their professional activities and can function under an integrated / flexible management system. So there is an enormous potential inherent in them to provide enormous capability to restore emergency services. 2. During the natural calamities, when many parts of the country are affected by them and it is beyond the capability of local administration to organise the rescue and relief, armed forces may be called upon to provide / organise relief measures. Armed Forces may also be called upon to provide assistance to other friendly countries, in case this has been requested for. One such example is that of Bangladesh. In 1991, when it was hit by worst cyclone in the history of the country the US armed forces, carried out relief operations  [19]  . In addition Indian Air Force also sent six helicopters for airlifting relief material to the affected areas. 3. Each year Armed Forces are called upon on several occasions for rendering assistance to civil administration throughout the nation during monsoon season for providing rescue and relief during the floods. The role of the armed forces during relief, rescue operations after Uttarkashi earthquake, Latur earthquake in Maharashtra, Chamoli earthquake and Floods in Orissa are well known. 4. Assistance Provided by Armed Forces. The Armed Forces may be called upon to render following type of assistance during natural calamities  [20]  :- (a) Infrastructure for Command and Control. (b) Medical Aid. (c) Transportation of Relief Material. (d) Establishment of Relief Camps. (e) Construction and Repair of Roads and Bridges. (f) Maintenance of Essential Services. (g) Evacuation of People to Safer Areas. (h) Stage management of International Relief. 5. Since the civil administration remains ill equipped for undertaking quick response to major disasters, the armed forces has been the primary option. As one of the most dedicated, professional, and modern armed forces in the world, the Indian armed forces respond to any disastrous situation with all their might. It is due to their technical competence, trained manpower, and logistical capabilities that they are always ready to rapidly undertake any kind of disaster-related rescue and relief operations. 6. They are also located in most remote areas where natural calamities are frequent. For instance, when the tsunami hit the Indian coast on December 26, 2004, the Indian armed forces, co-coordinated by the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS), efficiently handled relief, rescue, and evacuation work under Operation Sea Wave, including extending aid to Sri Lanka and Maldives under Operation Rainbow and Operation Castor, respectively. 7. Whether, it was the Kashmir earthquake of 2005, the tropical cyclone in Bangladesh in, 2007, the fire at Burrabazar in Kolkata in 2008, the serial blasts at Bangalore and Ahmedabad in 2008, or the Mumbai attack of November 2008, the roles played by the armed forces are numerous. In August 2010, when Leh, was hit by flash floods which killed many people and left many other injured, the Indian Armed forcess resp